THE DICOTYLEDONS 507 
(beech), or in catkins (chestnut and oaks). The male flowers have 
a united perianth, which is 4-6 parted and encloses an indefinite 
number of undivided stamens. The female flowers have a 
superior 6-parted perianth; the pistil consisting of 3 carpels 
with a corresponding number of stigmas. The ovary is 3-6 
celled and each cell has 2 pendulous ovules. The fruit is a one- 
seeded nut. The cup, or cupule, in the beech is 4-sided and 
covered externally with weak spines and encloses two 3-sided 
seeds. The cupule in the chestnut forms the spiny bur, which 
splits into 4 valves at maturity, enclosing 3 nuts. The cupule 
in the oak is saucer-, or cup-shaped, and encloses a single rounded 
nut, or acorn. The seeds are exalbuminous and the cotyledons 
are thick and fleshy, edible in the beech, chestnut and a few of 
the oaks. 
OrrictAL Druc Part Usep BorANICAL NAME HABITAT 
Galla Excrescence Quercus infectoria Europe and W. Asia 
Castanea Leaf Castanea dentata North America 
Acidum Tannicum Tannin from gall Quercus infectoria Europe 
Acidum Gallicum Product made from tannin 
Pyrogallol Product made from gallic acid or extract of galls 
UnorriciAL Druc 
Quercus Inner bark. Quercus alba North America 
‘ORDER URTICALES 
Utmacem or Exim Famity.—Forest trees indigenous to the 
temperate and tropical zones, characterized by being woody 
plants, with simple, often inequilateral, pinnately-veined leaves 
having caducous stipules and without milky juice. Their 
flowers are unisexual or hermaphroditic with six or four parts 
to the calyx. Fruit a single winged samara (Elms) or a drupe 
(Hackberry). 
OrrictAL DruGc Part UsEeD BorANICAL NAME HasiratT 
Ulmus Inner bark Ulmus fulva United States 
and Canada 
MorAce# on Mutserry Famity.—Mostly apetalous shrubs 
or trees, as the mulberries (MM orus), figs (Ficus), osage orange 
(Maclura), etc., rarely herbs as hop and hemp, many of them 
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