16 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



which frequently also discolor the substratum, never with hyphal walls 

 brown or dematiaceous ; colonies green, yellow-green, blue-green, gray- 

 green, or less commonly colorless or in avellaneous to yellow, reddish, 

 purplish, or other shades, frequently discolored in age even with spores 

 bro^vn in mass, but not dematiaceous; fertile hyphae or conidiophores 

 arising as branches from the vegetative mycelium, frequently perpendicu- 

 lar to the vegetative hyphae, but not showing differentiated foot-cells as 

 in Aspergillus, with walls in some forms smooth or undifferentiated, in 

 others more or less conspicuously roughened from secondary thickening, 

 not dematiaceous; conidial apparatus forming a brush or broom, the peni- 

 cillus, ranging from a single terminal verticil of conidia-bearing cells or 

 sterigmata, or, a terminal verticil of equal branches or metulae bearing 

 verticils of sterigmata, to complex branching systems ending in verticils of 

 specialized cells or metulae bearing verticils of sterigmata; sterigmata bear- 

 ing single unhranched chains of conidia each cut off from the tip of an 

 apical, straight, conidium-bearing tube; conidia cylindrical to elliptical, 

 oval, or globose, smooth or roughened, colorless or variously colored, es- 

 pecially in mass, but not dematiaceous. Sclerotia produced^ in some 

 series and species, not in others; composed]of thick-walled'cells," usually 

 hard and somewhat brittle or horny, but in a few species comparatively 

 soft. Perithecia characteristic of some species, not of others; varying 

 markedly in texture, in some species soft, loose-textured, quickly develop- 

 ing asci and ascospores throughout, in other species firm to hard, pseudo- 

 parenchymatous, ripening from the center outward and often tardily. 



Other Genera to Which Penicillia Have Been Referred 



Many different genera appear in connection with the literature of 

 Penicillium. Some of these were established to include limited portions of 

 the genus as we now know it, hence should be regarded as synonyms. In 

 others, conidial structures more or less penicillate in character oftentimes 

 or regularly occur, hence species correctly assignable elsewhere have 

 commonly been described as Penicillia. Observations or views that are 

 believed to be pertinent regarding the different usages are noted. Since 

 there is no significant connection between most of the names involved, the 

 various proposals are presented alphabetically: 



Acaulium Sopp, in Monogr., p. 42. 1912. Type species: Penicillium 



hrevicaule Saccardo. 



Synonym: Scopulariopsis Bainier, in Bui. Soc. Myc. France 23: 99-103, 



PI. XI, figs. 1-6. 1907. 

 Sopp's description of the above added nothing to the characters of the 

 well known fungus Penicillium hrevicaule Sacc. In certain of his species 



