162 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



hyphae over the entire colony surface; vegetative mycelium in orange-red 

 shades; sclcrotia uncolored or nearly so, typically borne in fairy definite 

 clusters surrounded by envelopes of sterile encrusted hyphae (fig. 45C) in 

 bright orange-red shades near scarlet to Brazil red (R., PI. I), usually oc- 

 curring in limited sectors but sometimes characterizing the entire colony 

 when young; exudate colorless or nearly so, abundantly produced in areas 

 of heavy sclerotial or mycelial development, lacking or limited in amount 

 in predominantly conidial areas; odor slight, suggesting mushrooms; re- 

 verse in yellow to orange-red shades, not diffusing into the surrounding 

 agar; penicilli strictly monoverticillate, bearing conidia in parallel chains 

 forming loose columns up to 150 to 200m in length by 15 to 20m wide; 

 conidiophores arising from the substratum or from aerial hyphae, seldom 

 branched, smooth- walled, up to 200 to 300m in length by 3.0 to 3.5m, en- 

 larging in terminal areas to vesicular apices 5.0 to 7.0m in diameter; sterig- 

 mata parallel, in crowded clusters of 12 or more, mostly 8 to 10m by about 

 2.0m, with conidium -bearing tips somewhat narrowed; conidia elliptical, 

 about 2.5 to 3.0m by 2.0 to 2.5m, smooth-walled (figs. 43B and 45D). 



Colonies on steep agar (Col. PL III) growing more rapidly, 4.0 to 5.0 cm. 

 in 10 to 12 days at room temperature, in texture and appearance essentially 

 as on Czapek but with predominantly conidial and sclerotial sectors more 

 pronounced; penicilli as described above. 



Colonies on malt agar spreading, up to 5.5 cm. in 10 to 12 days at room 

 temperature, thin, usually heavy sporing, with conidial areas velvety and 

 light blue-green; sclerotia abundantly produced, in limited clusters pro- 

 jecting through the conidial layers and appearing as bright red islands 

 (fig. 45B); peniciUi as described above but with conidiophore walls deli- 

 cately roughened. 



Species description based upon van Bejnna's type, isolated originally by 

 Professor Boedijn from air (?) in Buitenzorg (Java). This culture was 

 received by us in October 1945, from the Centraalbureau and has since been 

 maintained in our collection as NRRL 2074. The species is represented 

 also by NRRL 2076, isolated in 1946 from a sample of soil from South 

 Africa; and has been seen occasionally among cultures originating from 

 deteriorating military equipment that have been examined by us but not 

 maintained in the collection. 



Penicillium sclerotiorum is characterized particularly by its prominent 

 sclerotia. As noted by van Beyma (1937), these are essentially colorless, 

 often somewhat angular in pattern, and range up to 200 to 400m in diam- 

 eter. They are very hard, "stone-like" and are composed of thick-walled 

 sclerenchyma-like cells 10 to 15m in diameter. In most cultures they occur 

 in small clusters, closely compacted together and are contained within an 

 envelope of sterile hyphae whose walls are studded with a bright orange-red 



