MONOVERTICILLATA 135 



The second sub-series, containing PemcilUum hrefeldianum, P. ehrlichii, 

 and P. levitum, differs from the first by producing colonies with Uttle or no 

 red or reddish pigmentation on any substratum. Perithecia generally 

 ripen earlier, although exceptions are encountered. Penicillium hrefeldi- 

 anum is the most abundant and variable member of the series, but in its 

 original and typical aspect is easily recognized from the detailed studies of 

 Dodge (1933) and Emmons (1935). The penicilH developed by this species 

 are generally larger and more characteristic than those of other members 

 of the series (fig. 38). Penicillium ehrlichii, as originally described, and in 

 our experience as well, produces very irregular and usually fragmentary 

 penicilli ; ascospores are larger than in P. hrefeldianum, have rougher w'alls, 

 and show a shallow but definite equatorial furrow (fig. 40). Perithecia are 

 often yellow to light tan or buff, suggesting P. javanicum in this regard. 

 Penicillium leviium is keyed in the series with P. hrefeldianum, although we 

 are not too certain of the correctness of such placement. The perithecia 

 closely resemble those of P. hrefeldianum structurally, but they usually 

 ripen even more quickly, often developing ripe ascospores within a week to 

 10 days. Ascospores are smooth-walled and show no signs of an equatorial 

 furrow (fig. 41D). The conidial stage is rather unique. Sterigmata are 

 comparatively large, often arise singlj^ on aerial hyphae and seldom occur 

 in clusters of more than 4 or 5 (fig. 42). Conidia are large, smooth-walled, 

 borne in short chains, and the terminal cell is often definitely enlarged. 

 The conidial stage is strongly suggestive of structures seen in the genus 

 Monascus. 



The different species comprising the series may be separated as shown in 

 the initial portion of the above key to the Monoverticillata. 



Penicillium javanicum van Beijma,^ in Verhandel. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. 



Amsterdam Afd. Nat. (Tweede Sectie) 26 (4): 16-19, 3 figs. 1929; 



Lockwood et al, Zentbl. f. Bakt. etc., (II) 90: 412-413, fig. 1. 1934; 



Emmons, Mycologia 27: 145-146, figs. 12 and 16. 1935. 



Synonym: Carpenteles javanicum (van Beijma) Shear, in Mycologia 26: 

 107. 1934. 



Colonies on Czapek's solution agar (Col. PI. Ill) growing fairly rapidly, 

 3.5 to 4.0 cm. in 12 to 14 days at room temperature, comparatively thin, 

 surface appearing lightly floccose, conspicuously furrowed in a predomi- 

 nantly radial pattern with central area often more or less raised (fig. 36A), 

 in color showing gradual gradation from yellowish shades near olive-buff 

 (Ridgway, PI. XL) at the colony margin to dull yellow-orange shades near 

 vinaceous fawn or fa^vn (R., PI. XL) in colony centers; conidial structures 



' In later publications the name appears as van Beyma, rather than van Beijma, 

 and it is generally cited in that manner. 



