354 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



rick, Thorn, and Church (1927) found gluconic and citric acids to be pro- 

 duced in varying amounts by strains of PenicilUum citrinum. 



Cavallito (1944) isolated 1.1 to 1.3 per cent ergosterol from the mycelium 

 of PenicilUum citrinum, and slightly lesser yield from P. chrysogenum. 



Penicilliuni citrinu7n has been isolated from lungs and respiratory infec- 

 tions, but actual pathogenicity has not been proved. In a single case the 

 species was isolated from macroscopic masses of hyphae passed in the urine 

 of a patient with renal colic. 



Utilization of various C and N sources by PenicilUum citrinum was 

 studied by Bailey and Cavallito (1944). Sugars and sugar alcohols 

 afforded better sources of carbon than their acids; and nitrate and am- 

 monium salts were utilized better than amino, amide, imide, or nitrite 

 nitrogen. 



PenicilUum citrinum is one of the common causes of "fungus fouling" of 

 optical instruments in tropical areas through growth of the hyphae on 

 lenses and prisms. A'icklund (1946) incorporated radium sulphate in a 

 metallic foil surrounding glass parts, and reported satisfactory control with- 

 out risk to users. The fungistatic effect was due to alpha radiation. 



Penau, Levatidi, and co-workers (1943 to 1945) investigated an anti- 

 biotic substance, termed corylophilin, produced by PenicilUum corylo- 

 philum Dierclvx. Production and isolation of corylophilin was reported 

 by Penau and Hagemann (1943b) and Penau, Levatidi, and Hagemann 

 (1943c). Perault and Greib (1944) discussed its mode of action and ob- 

 served that it was bactericidal only in the presence of glucose, and that 

 bacteria were killed by the evolution of H2O2. There is reason, therefore, 

 to believe that corylophilin is identical with notatin which is produced by 

 P. notatum under acid conditions in the presence of glucose. Some ques- 

 tion exists regarding the validity of their species identification, in fact, 

 Penau et al. (1943a), in their original paper, noted that the mold under 

 study resembled P. notatum. There are reasons to believe that it probably 

 represented this species. 



Mull, To^^'nley, and Scholz (1945) reported the production of gliotoxin 

 and a second antibiotic substance by a PenicilUum identified in 1945 by 

 one of us (K. B. R.) as "suggesting P. ohscurum Biourge but showing globose 

 rather than elliptical conidia." More recent examination of this culture 

 in comparison with different species in the Monoverticillata and the P. citri- 

 num series shows it to represent a strain of P. terlikowskii Zaleski approxi- 

 mating in appearance the culture found by Brian (1946) to produce glio- 

 toxin. 



Mailman and Michael (1940a and b) reported PenicilUum chloro-leucon 

 Biourge (see p. 345), and P. puherulum as the two PenicUlia most commonly 

 found within cold storage eggs. 



