ASYMMETRICA-VELUTINA 375 



the oxidation of various sugars and other carbohydrates by the Fleming 

 strain of P. notatum (NRRL 1249). 



Phaff (1947) used a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum, grown upon a 

 synthetic medium, as a source of exocellular pectic enzymes. The forma- 

 tion and adaptive nature of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase were 

 discussed. 



Manceau, et al. (1938) reported the production of a reducing substance 

 resembling but not duplicating ascorbic acid by two Penicillia reported as 

 Penicillium citreo-roseum DiercLx and P. ochraceum Bainier. Tanner, et al. 

 (1945) investigated the vitamin and protein content of residues from peni- 

 cillin fermentations involving strains of P. notatum and P. chrysogenum. 

 Pantothentic acid was increased ten-fold over that in the basal medium, 

 whereas pyridoxin potency was doubled. Other B vitamins, including 

 niacin, riboflavin, and biotin were only slightly increased. The protein 

 content of the penicillin residues (including the mycelium), was slightly 

 higher than that of the unfermented medium. 



Cavallito (1944) reported the mycelium of Penicillium notatum, P. chryso- 

 genum, and P. citrinum to consistently contain about 1.1 per cent ergosterol 

 when the molds were grown in surface cultures. Submerged fermentations 

 were unfavorable for its production. Zook, et al. (1944) isolated ergosterol 

 in 1 per cent yield from the dried mycelium of P. notatum grown for the 

 production of penicillin. Whether the cultures were surface or submerged 

 was not disclosed. Savard and Grant (1946) isolated ergosterol in low 

 yields from the mycelium of strain X-1612 (incorrectly cited as P. notatum 

 rather than P. chrysogenum) grown commercially in submerged culture for 

 penicillin production. Nilsson, et al. (1945) compared the ergosterol con- 

 tent of dried powdered P. notatum mycelium, Torula utilis, and Brewer's 

 yeast and reported these to contain 0.85 per cent, 0.28 per cent, and 0.31 

 per cent respectively. Upon irradiation the ergosterol of P. notatum yielded 

 vitamin D^. 



Several investigators have isolated and studied pigments produced by 

 members of the Penicillium chrysogenum series. Clutterbuck and Lovell 

 (1931) and Clutterbuck, Lovell, and Raistrick (1932) reported the produc- 

 tion from glucose of a light yellow, strongly laevorotatory pigment, for 

 which they provisionally gave the empirical formula C18H22O6 and which 

 they designated chrysogenin. Methods for production, isolation, and 

 characterization of the pigment were given. In the same papers they dis- 

 cussed the synthesis of an alkali soluble protein from glucose as the sole 

 source of carbon and NaNOs as the sole source of nitrogen. Penicillin 

 was likewise produced on the synthetic medium by Fleming's strain of 

 P. notatum, and limited attention was given to its properties. Stodola, 

 et al. (1945) described the production by P. notatum of a new pigment, peni- 



