ASYMMETRICA-FASCICULATA 521 



patulin (or whatever name one elects to apply to it— see p. 537). Re- 

 suming this work, Duy\^ene de Wit and others, including van Luyk^ (1944), 

 described the isolation of a substance, termed "expansine," from P. ex- 

 pansum which showed marked inhibitory action against pathogenic bac- 

 teria including Staphylococcus aureus and Eherthella typhosa. Expansine 

 is synonj^mous with patulin. Kent and Heatley (1945) showed that the 

 substance designated as patulin was largely responsible for the antibiotic 

 activity reported for P. expansum, P. urticae, and Aspergillus terreus. 



Miller and Rekate (1944) reported an antibiotic active against Myco- 

 hacterium tuberculosis to be produced by a PenicilUum identified by us as 

 Penicillium crustomm Thom (p. 518). Yermolieva, et. al. (1944) reported 

 a strain of P. crustosum to produce an active substance, designated "peni- 

 cillin-crustosin," which was effective against Eherthella typhosa and Sal- 

 monella paratyphi A and B. The character of the antibiotic remains ob- 

 scure. A culture received from Yermolieva as P. crustosum proved to be a 

 heavy-exudate producing, low-penicillin yielding strain of P. notatum 

 Westling. 



Since it is a widely distributed and well-kno^ATi species, Penicillium 

 expansum has been studied in a variety of vmrelated investigations. 



Burgess (1935) reported Penicillium expansum to be prevalent upon 

 deteriorating hops, and together with Aspergillus niger and Mucor spi- 

 7iesce7is to be responsible for markedly reducing the a-acid in the resms, 

 hence lowering its keeping properties. 



Harry (1936) used it as a test organism to evaluate different fungicides 

 for their capacity to prevent mold growth on paint films. Thymol (0.8 

 per cent) and parachlonnetacresol (0.3 per cent) gave the most satisfactory 

 results, 



Olson and IMacy (1945) used it in evaluating proprionates as inhibitors 

 of mold growth on butter. 



Moran, et al. (1932) found Penicillium expansum to be a common cause 

 of spoilage of meats in cold storage, and used the species as a test organism 

 in evaluating the inhibitory effect of CO2 on mold growth. Golding (1945) 

 selected P. expansum, as one of four common species, for investigating the 

 gas requirements of molds. 



Schonwald (1938 and 1941) foimd spores of Penicillium expansum to be 

 abundant in the atmosphere at Seattle, Washington, and demonstrated its 

 role as a causative agent in asthma, hay-fever, and other allergic disturb- 

 ances. 



McCrea (1931) investigating the longevity of molds stored in sealed 

 glass tubes, reported Penicillium expansum viable after 8 years. 



Manteifel and Shaposhnikoff (1927) reported coremium formation in 



' Spelled van Luijk in earlier publications. 



