630 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



destroying mold from soil, identified as Penicillium pinophilum. Keller- 

 man (1913) had earlier demonstrated cytase (or cellulase) production by 

 the same species. Hubert (1929) reported P. pinophilum to be one of the 

 fungi causing "sap stains" in wood and discussed various methods of pre- 

 vention. Hedgcock (1906) isolated the culture upon which he established 

 the species P. pinophilum from pine wood, hence the name. For the rea- 

 sons given above (see p. 620), we believe P. pinophilum to be synonymous 

 with the more widely accepted species, P. funiculosum Thom. 



Birkinshaw and Raistrick (1934) investigated the metabolic products 

 produced upon Czapek-Dox solution containing glucose by a culture re- 

 ceived from Biourge as the type of Penicillium yninio-luteum Dierckx (see 

 p. 621). The metabohsm solution when acidified yielded a pigmented 

 crystalline precipitate and two colorless crystalhne acids. One of these, 

 now named spiculisporic acid, was known from an earlier investigation of 

 P. spicidisporum. (Clutterbuck, Raistrick, and Rintoul, 1931); the other, 

 a dextrorotatory acid, C16H26O7, represented a new product for which the 

 name minioluteic acid was proposed. The latter acid crystallized from hot 

 water as colorless needles, M.P. 171°C. 



Investigating the metabolic products of Penicillium varians, Haworth, 

 Raistrick, and Stacey (1935b) reported the production from glucose of a 

 previously unknown polysaccharide which they designated varianose. The 

 compound has the empirical formula (CeHioOs):,, is a white amorphous 

 powder, is neutral in aqueous solution and is dextrorotatory. It reduces 

 Fehling's solution slightly and gives no color with iodine. Upon acid hy- 

 drolysis it gives a mixture of cZ-glucose, d-galactose, and either Z-altrose or 

 d-idose. An abstract by the same authors had appeared earlier in Chemis- 

 try and Industry (1932). 



Barber (1929) discussed the production of fat by an unidentified Peni- 

 cillium when grown upon nutrient solutions containing glucose, sucrose, 

 or xylose. The strain was subsequently identified by Thom as approx- 

 imating Penicillium funiculosum. The same mixture of fats was consist- 

 ently produced, and included palmitic, stearic, oleic, and a and /3-linoleic 

 acids both free and as glycerides, together with some sterols. 



Penicillium purpurogenum Series 



Outstanding Characters 



Colonies with surface generally appearing velvety or lanose, sometimes 

 more or less flocculent; usually somewhat restricted upon Czapek agar, 

 commonly spreading on malt; variously colored from an admixture of 

 strongly pigmented and often encrusted aerial hyphae, in yellow, orange, 



