646 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



in addition to Ca citrate and traces of Ca oxalate. In the absence of 

 CaCOs neither citric nor oxalic acid was detected, but the insoluble acid was 

 deposited on the mycelium and fruiting structures. The substance, when 

 purified, melted at 201-202°C., titrated as a tetrabasic acid on boihng, and 

 upon micro-analysis gave the empirical formula C18H20O7. It was regarded 

 as probably identical with "glauconic acid I", earlier isolated by Wijkman 

 (1931) from a culture reported as P. glaucum. 



Waksman and Horning (1943) attributed some antibiotic action to 

 Penicillium lideum-purpurogenuni, but did not isolate the active substance. 



Durrell (1930) reported Penicillium purpurogemmi as a common parasite 

 on maize seedlings, which in some cases reduced the stand by as much as 

 50 percent. As a control measure, mercuric dusts gave promising results. 



Penicillium purpurogenum was found by de Lima (1943) to be one of 

 three common molds capable of saccharifying the starch of cassava pulp 

 preparatory to the production of the alcoholic beverage Tiquira. This 

 species gave a conversion of 68.1 percent against 90 percent for Monilia 

 sitophila and 04.7 percent for Aspergillus niger. 



Brenner (1918) investigated the pigment produced by Penicillium pur- 

 purogenum, whereas Posternak (1939) studied pigment production in cul- 

 tures identified as P. ruhrum and P. citreo-roseum. 



Hansel (1940) and Pennington (1941) reported airborne molds identified 

 as Penicillium ruhrum to be incitants of allergies in patients subject to hay 

 fever or asthmatic symptoms. McMurray (1940) reported P. ruhrum to 

 be common in cases of otitis and recommended the use of a 45 percent alco- 

 holic solution of phenylmercuric nitrate as a reliable therapeutic treatment. 



Penicillium rugulosum Series 



Outstanding Characters 



Colonies on Czapek's agar growing restrictedly, variable in texture, ranging 

 from closely woven and conspicuously wrinkled felts of sterile pigmented 

 or encrusted hyphae to thin networks in which the vegetative mycelium 

 is uncolored and largely submerged; sporulating irregularly, heaviest in 

 colony centers, or sometimes in marginal to subcentral areas, conidial 

 areas typically in dark or dull yellow-green shades; reverse variously 

 colored in yellow to orange-brown or greenish shades, seldom showing 

 true reds; often appearing more or less mottled. 



Conidiophores commonly arising from the basal felt or from submerged 

 hyphae, occasionally branched, with walls smooth or nearly so. 



Penicilli typically biverticillate and symmetrical, usually consisting of a 

 terminal verticil of metulae, but commonly developing fractional or ir- 

 regular structures in some species and strains. 



