GLIOCLADIUM, PAECILOMYCES, AND SCOPULARIOPSIS G75 



in Icones V: 14. 1842, with a brief paragraph in German. See also 

 Matruchot, in Rev. Gen. Bot. 7: 321, PI. 16. 1895; Bainier, in Bui. Soc. 

 Mycol. France 23: 111-112, PI. XV. 1907; and Thorn, The Penicillia, 

 pp. 498-510. 1930. 



The essential characters given by Corda were : Conidiophores erect sep- 

 tate, penicillately branching above, with branches and branchlets septate, 

 appressed, forming a solitary gelatinous head; conidia unicellular, borne 

 upon the tips of branchlets and held together by mucilaginous substance in 

 a dense mass. 



Gliodadinm was thus described as reproducing the growth habits, myce- 

 lium, conidiophores, and conidial apparatus of Penicillium, except that the 

 conidia borne successively from the tips of sterigmata become enveloped 

 in mucilaginous drops wliich increase in size with the increased numbers of 

 conidia. The masses upon adjacent sterigmata fuse, then these masses 

 fuse with those from adjacent penicilli, often forming large balls of conidia 

 enveloped in slime (fig. 170C). 



Matruchot (1895) has described perithecia and ascospore formation in 

 certain species but, insofar as we know, this has not been confirmed by 

 others. The forms constantly encountered in our cultures are purely 

 conidial. Comparative studies of structure in both conidial and ascosporic 

 forms (if refound) will be necessary before Gliocladium and Penicillium can 

 be safely placed with reference to each other among the Ascomycetes. 



Corda, in his Prachtflora (1839), also described as Clonostachys araucaria 

 (see p. 18) a penicillate organism which he figured as producing columns of 

 elliptical conidia with the long axes of the conidia diagonal to the axis of 

 the column. That is, the conidia forming the column were adherent side 

 by side instead of end to end as in Penicillium, or enveloped in slime as in 

 Gliocladium. There are reasons for believing that C. araucaria approaches 

 fairly closely some forms ordinarily assigned to Gliocladium roseum. 



In the description of Gliocladium, the character most emphasized is the 

 envelopment of conidia in balls of slime. The conidial apparatus as ob- 

 served and figured is superficially Penicillium-like, especially in material 

 washed in alcohol and mounted for examination, and similar forms have 

 been placed sometimes in Penicillium and again in Gliocladium. Few at- 

 tempts to establish real relationships have been recorded. The primary 

 branching system varies from asymmetrical to symmetrical with many of 

 the described species approaching the repeated and usually symmetrical 

 branching system of the polyverticillate Penicillia (see p. G68) but differing 

 markedly from these in the character of conidiophores, cellular elements 

 and conidial masses. The diameter of the main conidiophore is usually 

 greater than that of the primary branches, and the elements in each s ic- 

 ceeding stage of brandling are usually smaller. The sterigmata vary fr )m 



