694 A MANUAL OF THE PENICILLIA 



processes. It can grow under reduced oxygen tension and can tolerate SO2 

 in plum syrups in concentrations up to 50 p.p.m., and in concentrations of 

 450 p.p.m. in a solution containing 10 per cent sucrose and 1 per cent pep- 

 tone. Byssochlamys fulva grows over a pH range from 2.0 to 7.0, ^vith 

 optimum about pH 3.0. It will grow in nutrient media containing 6.0 per 

 cent of either citric, tartaric, or malic acid. Old cultures have withstood 

 immersion in 100 per cent alcohol for 30 weeks without loss of viability. 

 The species has been isolated from field samples of strawberries, goose- 

 berries, and several varieties of plums. Orchard soil is presumed to furnish 

 a reservoir of infection. 



Raistrick and Smith (1933) investigated the metabolic products of 

 Byssochlamys fulva when grown upon Czapek-Dox solution containing 5 

 per cent glucose as a source of carbon. Mannitol was the chief metabolic 

 product, yields equivalent to 30 per cent of the sugar consumed being ob- 

 tained in about 2 months time. A new mold product, byssochlamic acid, 

 C18H20O6, M.P. 163. 5°C, was also isolated from the metaboHsm solutions in 

 yields of about 0.5 per cent. The substance is quite toxic to mice. The 

 acid titrates as a tetrabasic acid, and has the same empirical formula as that 

 attributed to glauconic acid II, another mold product reported by Wijkman 

 (1931). It differs markedly from the latter, however, in certain other 

 respects; glauconic acid II melts at 186°C. 



SCOPULARIOPSIS 



Scopidariopsis Bainier represents a tliird genus of molds which may not 

 be closely related to PenicUlium genetically, but which is characterized by 

 conidial structures that are often more or less penicillate. Furthermore, 

 these forms are unusually abundant in nature, especially upon vegetation 

 in the latter stages of decay and upon aging or moldy products of animal 

 origin that are relatively rich in protein. They occur regularly under con- 

 ditions w^here many Penicillia abound, and bearing considerable resem- 

 blance to such forms, they have been commonly mistaken for species of 

 PenicUlium and have been so described. 



The genus was characterized in essentially the following manner by 

 Thom (1930, p. 511): 



Scopulariopsis Bainier, in Bui. Soc. Myc. France 23: 99-103; PI. XI, figs. 

 1-6. 1907. Type species: PenicUlium hrevicaule Saccardo, 



t.893, in Fungi Italici. 

 Synonyms: Acaulium Sopp in Monograph, pp. 42-46. 1912. 



PenicUlium, sub-section VI, Anomala, in Biourge's Mono- 

 graph, La Cellule 33: fasc. 1, pp. 214-216. 1923. 



Colonies never green, with aerial hyphae at least partly in traihng and 

 anastomosing ropes (funiculose) ; conidiophores mostly short or even want- 



