GLIOCLADIUM, PAECILOMYCES, AND SCOPULARIOPSIS 695 



ing, commonly borne along the funiculose hyphae; conidial apparatus 

 variable, Penicilliiim-like, or consisting of varying and irregular aggrega- 

 tions of branches and sterigmata, at times reduced to single sterigmata 

 scattered along the aerial hyphae; sterigmata more or less specialized, some- 

 times tapering gradually from a basal tubular section, or even the base 

 itself, toward a conidium bearing apex, or narrowly tubular without taper- 

 ing, cutting off conidia from the apex by cross walls; conidia more or less 

 pointed or rounded at the apex and truncate atthe base, with a more or less 

 thickened basal ring surrounding a basal germinal pore, with walls usually 

 thickened, and often variously marked or roughened; often colored ]:)ut 

 never in true greens. 



Members of the genus commonly appear as agents of decomposition 

 after the usual green Penicillia have ceased to be active; that is in the later 

 stages of decay processes. They are generally more active in the decom- 

 position of complex nitrogenous foods than are the Penicillia. 



Bainier (1907) was probably right in separating from Penicillium the 

 group of strains and species centering upon Saccardo's Penicillium hrevi- 

 caule, the general structure of which was A\ell known but the type of wliich 

 had not been cultivated by Saccardo. Bainier isolated a series of forms 

 showing considerable divergence in conidia and colony characteristics and 

 described them as different species. 



In describing AcauUuni to include the same group of molds, Sopp (1912) 

 observed the presence of dark-walled perithecia showing small but definite 

 ostioles. He further observed that they produced an arsenical odor; that 

 they decomposed milk, cellulose, resinous wood, paper and sawdust; that 

 they grew pooriy on pure cotton; and that they grew at higher temperatures 

 than most Penicillia. 



Biourge (1923) found in this type of organism the probable identification 

 of Corda's Penicillium anomalum, hence called this lot of forms a sub- 

 section, Ajiomala, in the genus Penicillium. 



Loubiere (1924) described Scopulariopsis Candida as the conidial stage 

 of Nephrospora mangini new genus and species, with perithecia in general 

 agreeing with the description of Sopp's Acaulium albo-nigrescens, which 

 may well have been the same as Loubiere's species. 



Prior to Bainier's work (1907), members of the genus Scopulariopsis, as 

 it is now generally understood, had been assigned to several different genera 

 of Hyphomycetes by eariier mycologists. Harz (1871) put them in Spi- 

 caria. Oudemans (1902) put them in Monilia. Older workers, including 

 Fresenius (1850-1863), Bonorden (1851), and Rivolta (1873) discussed 

 them as Torula or Oidium. No one who has studied many strains of this 

 group in comparison with the usual types of Penicillium believes them to 

 be closely re'ated to that genus. 



Gosio (1892, 1896), Maasen (1902), Ceni (1907), Huss (1914), and other 



