EDUCATION 



623 



and tables prepared showing the amount of 

 work performed in a given time under 

 given conditions. A knowledge of the abil- 

 ity of men and animals under specified con- 

 ditions furnishes a basis for the determina- 

 tion of their efficiency under other condi- 

 tions. Costs per unit. 



6. Railroad operation, log loading, train 

 operation, unloading at mill pond, etc.; 

 methods and cost. 



7. Study of waste in logging incident to 

 careless felling, high stumps, improperly 

 cut log lengths, etc. How to determine ac- 

 tual waste and financial loss to the lumber- 

 man. 



8. Efficiency in management. 



9. Log scales and practice in log scaling. 



10. Relocation of old land lines. Each 

 student is given several days' work, under 

 a skilled surveyor, in the relocation of 

 old land lines to bring out difficulties at- 

 tending this class of work and the necessity 

 of great accuracy. 



11. Topographic mapping. Considerable 

 practice is given in the collection of data 

 for and the preparation of a topographic 

 map of a tract of 25,000 to 30,000 acres 

 for logging purposes. The training aims 

 at securing speed in the collection of data 

 combined with sufficient accuracy for log- 

 ging purposes. 



12. Extensive practice is given in the 

 various methods of estimating timber by 

 ocular methods, and the principles under- 

 lying them. 



13. Practice in marking timber for a sec- 

 ond cut. 



14. Studies of the rate of growth and 

 preparation of a plan of management for 

 yellow pine and other forests. 



MANUFACTURE OF LUMBER 



'The students are divided into three 

 groups and each group spends two weeks at 

 the sawmill plant becoming familiar with 

 the manufacture of lumber. Among the 

 points covered are the following: 



1. Character and equipment of the manu- 

 facturing plant. 



2. Methods of manufacture. 



3. Methods of seasoning lumber. 



4. Planing mill equipment and dressing 

 of lumber. 



5. Practice in grading rough and finished 

 lumber. 



6. Study of defects in logs and their in- 

 fluence on the quantity and quality of lum- 

 ber produced. 



7. Lal)or organization of plant. 



8. Organization and management of ship- 

 ping department. 



9. Markets and prices. 



10. Waste in manufacture and possible 

 remedies. 



11. General efficiency of operation, im- 

 provements possible. 



The results of the study of logging and 

 manufacturing methods are embodied in 



a report which forms the basis of criticism 

 for the student's work and corrects any 

 erroneous impressions that may have been 

 formed during the study. 



The object of the spring work is to bring 

 the student into close contact with opera- 

 tions in the field, give him training in the 

 performance of forest work, and to permit 

 him to put into practice the Itnowledge 

 gained during his attendance at the Forest 

 School. He gains confidence in his ability 

 to do things correctly and it provides an 

 excellent foundation on which to build his 

 future practical career. 



A Forest School, and any other technical 

 school, cannot turn out graduates fitted on 

 graduation to assume responsible positions 

 unless they have had previous practical 

 training. The latter is a most essential 

 factor in any technical profession. A tech- 

 nical training, however, does give a founda- 

 tion on which a man may build to good 

 advantage and which will enable him to be- 

 come a more proficient practical man in a 

 much shorter time than would be possible 

 had he not had his technical training. 



The lumber industry in the past has de- 

 manded a man skilled in many different 

 lines, especially in engineering. The indus- 

 try in the future will demand still more of 

 the man who will be successful because 

 he will be called upon to handle his product 

 very closely, find new uses for his present 

 waste products, plan for future crops of 

 timber, and to practice forestry of a more 

 or less intensive nature. In this work the 

 technically trained forester will be inval- 

 uable to the lumberman. 



Michigan Agricultural College Forestry 

 Department Summer Term 



The third session of the summer term of 

 forestry given by the forestry department 

 of the Michigan Agricultural College, was 

 held on the estate of David Ward, Deward, 

 Crawford county, Michigan, from June 21st 

 to August 10th, 1911. 



There were twenty-four students in at- 

 tendance and four courses were given — one 

 in civil engineering, which took up land 

 plotting and rapid topographical mapping; 

 one in entomology which consisted in the 

 identification of forestry insects and a 

 study of their life history: one in field 

 methods which treated of the necessary 

 equipment and maintenance supplies for 

 men and horses in the field. In the last of 

 these students were given practical work 

 by being fully equipped for field expeditions 

 and being sent out with their entire equip- 

 ment packed on their backs, making camp 

 and cooking for themselves. There was 

 also a course in forest mensuration which 

 consisted of making volume tables, height 

 diameter tables, form factor tables for 

 white pine, hemlock, sugar maple, and 

 beech, laying out a plot of ten acres, cruis- 



