RECENT FOREST SERVICE PUBLICATION 



757 



on it as not being real mahogany. It comes 

 entirely from Colombia, and is cut at points 

 from 100 to 200 miles inland, and is shipped 

 from Cartagena. 



Forest Service Circular 185, "Colombian 

 Mahogany (Cariniana pyriformis) : Its Char- 

 acteristics and Its Use as a Substitute for 

 True Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), by 

 George B. Sudworth, Dendrologist, and Clay- 

 ton D. Mell, Assistant Dendrologist, Forest 

 Service, with a description of the botanical 

 characters of Cariniana pyriformis, by Henry 

 Pitteir, Bureau of Plant Industry. Wash- 

 ington, 1911. Pp. 16; Figures 11. 



Over-Grazing Brings Floods 



The harmful effect upon streamflow 

 through denudation of the watersheds by over- 

 grazing is illustrated graphically in Forest 

 Service Bulletin 91, Grazing and Floods. 

 That portion of the Wasatch Mountains em- 

 braced in the Manti National Forest in cen- 

 tral Utah has for a number of years been 

 subject to severe floods after all storms of 

 more than usual violence, with correspond- 

 ing scarcity of water during periods of 

 drought. With the creation of the Manti 

 National Forest in 1903, all grazing was pro- 

 hibited on the uplands of Manti Canyon. 

 From then until 1909 the area was pro- 

 tected from stock. In the latter year some 

 300 head of horses were allowed in the closed 

 area. The exclusion of all stock from the 

 protected area for five years gave the up- 

 lands a chance to become well clothed with 

 vegetation before the flood season of 1909. 

 The beneficial effects obtained from the 

 protection of Manti Canyon were forcibly 

 shown in 1909, when Ephriam and Six Mile 

 Canyons were flooded severely, while Manti 

 Canyon lying between them was not per- 

 ceptibly effected. Both Ephriam and Six 

 Mile Canyons were heavily over-grazed by 

 sheep from 1882 until the establishment of 

 the Forest in 1903, and have since then been 

 closely grazed by cattle. Accordingly, at 

 present there is a much better soil cover in 

 Manti Canyon, and there seems to be no rea- 

 sonable doubt that to this fact it owes its 

 escape from the floods of August 17 and 31. 

 Additional evidence of this is furnished by 



the striking fact that although in the un- 

 protected canyons floods occurred in 1906, 

 1908, 1909, and 1910, the last serious flood 

 in Manti Canyon occurred in August, 1902, 

 before any effort was made to protect it 

 from over-grazing. 



Forest Service Bulletin 91 — Grazing and 

 Floods : A Study of Conditions in the Man- 

 ti National Forest, Utah, by Robert V. R. 

 Reynolds, Forest Examiner. Washington, 

 1911. Pp. 16; map; plates 5. 



History of the Pines 



The uses of the many different species of 

 pine and their histories are described in For- 

 est Service Bulletin 99, Uses of Commer- 

 cial Woods of the United States; II Pines. 

 Thirty-seven species of pine grow in the 

 United States, not any one in all the states, 

 yet perhaps with one exception no state is 

 without one or more. About 48 per cent of 

 the total output of lumber in the United 

 States in 1908 was pine. Longleaf probably 

 furnished more than any other single species, 

 and white pine was ne.xt. The western yel- 

 low pine, which is more widely distributed 

 than any other pine in this country, is a large 

 producer of lumber, and the western white 

 pine and loblolly also rank high in quantity. 

 The bulletin considers each species separate- 

 ly, taking up even little-known ones. The 

 great variety of uses to which longleaf, 

 shortleaf, loblolly, and Cuban, all grouped 

 in the market under the common name of 

 yellow pine, are put, is given in detail, and 

 under the chapter on white pine an interest- 

 ing account is given of the great lumbering 

 operations in New England and the Lake 

 states, now things of the past. Norway, jack, 

 western white, western yellow, sugar, and 

 loblolly pine all receive their due share of 

 attention, and even the lesser known species, 

 such as Chihuahua, pine, Apache pine. Mex- 

 ican white pine, and single leaf pinon are 

 taken up in turn. 



Forest Service Bulletin 99 — ^Uses of the 

 Commercial Woods of the United States : 

 II Pines, by William L. Hall, Assistant For- 

 ester, and Hugh Maxwell, Expert. Wash- 

 ington, 1911. Pp. 96. 



President A. L. FleieeUing, of the Western Forestry Association, says: 

 "Each year fire fifjhtinrj and fire prevention is becoming more and more a 

 science. America leads in the forestry question from every angle, and I think 

 I am safe in saying that large forest fires, especially in the Northwest, are a 

 thing of the past." 



