t f 



8 TRANSACTION OF THE ILLINOIS 



Mr. Mann — We are not discussing the question of form, but we 

 cannot expect heredity in form from fruit that has no fixed type 

 in form. We do not expect our apples to reproduce their exact 

 forms. The influence we are talking about is the development of 

 the fruit. I have cut many apples, and almost always find poor 

 seeds in the small ones. Take the Willow Twig, and where one 

 side of the fruit is not developed, that side will have few if any 

 seeds, while the other side of the apple will have seeds. 



Mr. Webster— We are getting into deep water, and I think 

 there is no likelihood of our touching bottom. I do not tbink we 

 are ever going to know much about pollenization., I saw, this year, 

 an apple one-half of which was sweet and the other half sour. 



Mr. Cotta — The trouble with our orchards has been the cur- 

 culio, principally, though faulty pollenization has been the cause 

 of some of the trouble. ^The Willow Twig is one of the sorts the 

 most affected, both with us and in the southern part of Wisconsin, 

 though that trouble has come mostly from the curculio. I have 

 seen many specimens so faulty that you could scarcely tell the 

 variety. I was much pleased with the paper of Mr. Minkler with 

 regard to the cultivation of orchards. I prefer corn in the or- 

 chard to anything else. 



L. E. Williams, (Lee Co., la.) I wish to say a few words on 

 shelter of orchards. I know orchards in Lee Co., which are shel- 

 tered by the Mississippi bluffs that almost always do well. I have 

 a sheltered orchard, and on five acres I have frequently had more 

 apples than a friend of mine has had on forty acres unsheltered. 

 I know, where they are sheltered in Colorado they also do better. 



President Dunlap — We are trying to raise apples in Illinois and 

 not in Colorado. I presume we want to know how to raise them 

 here. 



Mr. Bracket, (Lee Co., la.) Mr. Williams attributes the suc- 

 cess of his orchard to shelter of the bluffs, but there is one thing 

 that he has overlooked, and that is the soil. You take south- 

 western Iowa, where there is no clay sub-soil, and we have there 

 the most perfect fruit belt in the State. As to the shelter of the 

 Mississippi bluffs, that section of the country is very limited and 

 can have no very extensive orchards. When I made our collec- 

 tion for the New Orleans Exposition I looked around in Lee 



