222 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION 



and connected politically with Pergamum, being "the center of 

 native feeling, of Phrygian nationality in the valley." Inscriptions 

 have been found there in large numbers ; 363 are published by 

 Humann. It was destroyed by an earthquake in the first century 

 of our era, but rebuilt, as is supposed, b}- the help of the Roman 

 emperors. The excavation of the entire site of Hierapolis is ren- 

 dered impracticable by the thick deposits of limestone which have 

 been left on the southern half of the ruins by springs which are 

 heavily charged with minerals. These deposits since the destruc- 

 tion of the city are often 6 feet or more in thickness. Indeed, the 

 bluff is a remarkable natural phenomenon. On either side of the 

 ancient site is a petrified Niagara formed by these springs. The 

 great theater, however, is well preser\'ed, and lies so high that no 

 limestone deposit has been made about it, and other important ruins 

 also are free for excavation. The most thorough sur^-ey which 

 Hierapolis has yet received was by a small part}^ which remained 

 only a fortnight, and hardly had time to turn over stones in order 

 to see if these bore inscriptions. 



Laodicea presents no such difiiculties as the neighboring Hierap- 

 olis. The form of the long mounds w^hich border the principal 

 streets indicates that the rows of houses which lie beneath are con- 

 cealed by no great depth of earth. This city was somewhat older 

 than Hierapolis, being ascribed to Antiochus II and named for his 

 wife Laodice. So far as appears, no archeological excavations 

 have been made there; but the ruins w^ere plundered somewhat for 

 the construction of the Ottoman railway. An ancient Greek inscrip- 

 tion from Laodicea lies face upward as a block in the platform of the 

 neighboring railway station (Gondjeli). 



Greece. — The Greek government allows responsible societies or 

 institutions to conduct archeological excavations under govern- 

 ment surveillance, recognizing the reasonableness of the desire 

 to have the antiquities uncovered and not having money enough to 

 undertake all of this work. The Greek governmental oversight is 

 in no respect vexatious, but is designed only to secure a strict 

 observance of the laws with regard to antiquities. Private persons 

 are allowed to conduct excavations in Greece only in the name of 

 some responsible institution; otherwise the government so limits the 

 authority of the excavator as to make the work an official excava- 

 tion at the expense of the individual. No man may even make 

 archeological investigations on his ow^n land without the permission 



