104 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences^ Arts, and Letters. 



Proteus-like, appears, tlie adequate compretiensioii of such, a 

 clause requires at least some illustration of the equivalence 

 which obtains between it and fellow forms of expression. 



Indeed these fellow forms themselves deserve at least a brief enu- 

 meration. As closing topic I therefore offer 



IV. THE EELATIVE CLAUSE COMPAEED WITH TAI^TAMOUI^T 



EXPRESSIONS. 



Confining attention to restrictive usage, but mindful that its compre- 

 hension provides a key to the minor diSBculties of informational clauses, 

 I note that the tantamount expression nearest of kin to the relative 

 clause is, perhaps, the adjective. To illustrate, "Apples which are ripe" 

 and "Ripe apples" are commonly recognized as essential equivalents 

 in meaning. 



For the adjective a participial phrase is often substituted; and in this 

 the participle may or may not be transitive. Thus, "Active men" is 

 readily replaced by "Men exercising," and this again by "Men taking 

 exercise." Each expression, moreover, may be paraphrased by a rela- 

 tive clause, thus, "Men who are active," "Men who exercise" and "Men. 

 who take exercise." 



The prepositional phrase is also often adjective in function; and in. 

 such usage it also is readily expanded into a relative clause. Thus, 

 "The book on the box" becomes v/ithout difficulty "The book which is 

 on the box." 



Of the adverb proper or immediate adjunct of the verb I can show 

 no exactly equivalent relative clause, because, as indicated on p. 98, no 

 verbal relatives seem to have been developed. That is, I am unable to 

 use a simultaneous factor as verb in a principal clause, and follow it by 

 a verbal dummy, of which latter a special subject, etc., form together 

 a restricter. Thus, meaning that "Brown does his hearty eating at 

 six," I may not say, "Brown eats, he whiches heartily, at six." But 

 I might say, with some stretching of relative powers, "Brown 

 eats which is hearty at six." In this expression "(which) is hearty" 

 is no doubt a restricter of eating; but the eating is conceived for the 

 moment as a substantive. Now I can hardly regard "which is hearty" 

 as overlooking this nearer substantive aspect of eating, in favor of the 

 remoter verbal aspect presented by "eats," ^Vhile therefore "eats" no 

 doubt obtains restriction from "is hearty," it does not do so in its ver- 

 bal aspect; and perhaps I can not strictly designate "is hearty" as ad- 

 verbial in its function. 



On the other hand, a secondary or mediate verbal adjunct (adjunct 

 of a verb's adjunct) is not unfrequently replaced by a relative clause. 

 Thus, in "He comes on the occasions on which he is invited," it is ob- 

 viously my intention to declare of my subject a coming, not universal. 



