Oiven — Revision of Pronouns. 105 



Taut quite restricted. Both my meaning and the structure of my 

 thought I may vaguely suggest by "He comes invitedly." But the ad- 

 verb being hardly adequate and altogether unconventional, I resort to 

 tne expression "He comes (then) when he is invited," in/ which it is 

 clear that "lie is invited" determines an idea of times or occasions 

 (continued by "when"), v/hich is itself applied (by "then") to "comes*" 



Such restrictive clauses of plainly relative structure imperceptibly 

 shade into clauses of a strictly prepositional order, especially known 

 as adverbial sentences. Thus "He comes if he is Invited" m.ay be para- 

 phrased by "He comes in the cases in which he is invited." But in 

 *'He will come if he is invited" the "if" expresses rather a relation of 

 condition and conclusion between the inviting and the coming. Though 

 inexpressive, I think, by any single word, this relation is a single idea, 

 and one of the sort as a rule expressed by a preposition. I should 

 therefore regard "he is invited" as merely a substantive clause, which 

 unites with "if" to form a prepositional phrase of adverbial rank. This 

 view is supported by my abilit5% without loss of any thought-element, 

 and with no material change of structure, to substitute "in-case-of his 

 "being invited, in which "in case of" is merely a verbal plexus with an 

 essentially prepositional value. 



The equivalence of the relative clause to a conjunction, or rather to a 

 phrase in v/hich a conjunction is used, is much more obscure, being 

 made so in part by Grammar's confusion of several radically different 

 forms of thought construction. It is, to illustrate, one thing to join 

 "apples" and "ripe," by furnishing to them the element necessary to 

 their union in a complete mental trio or thought. Such an element is 

 furnished by "are" in "Apples are ripe." Such a joiner, known in 

 Grammar as a copula, may be specially ranked as an organizer or 

 uniter. It is quite another matter to join by "and." In "Six and four 

 are ten" the duty of "and" is plainly to lead my hearer to the forma- 

 tion of an idea-group, to be used as subject of "are ten." Joining of 

 this sort may be specially known as grouping. Joining is of yet an- 

 other sort in "Brown dresses fashionably, as does Smith." By this I 

 do not mean to compare the dressing of one man with that of another, 

 but, having made my statement of the one, to repeat it with the other. 

 That is, I make two statements with a simultaneous factor, as appears 

 in the diagram [Brown dresses (fashionably] dresses Smith). If this 

 factor, remaining common, were made successive, my utterance would 

 take the form "Brown dresses fashionably. So does Smith." The ef- 

 fect of making this common factor simultaneous by the use of the 

 merely contlnuative "as," is to combine what would otherv/ise be two 

 statements into one. Joining of this sort may be specially known as 

 linking. 



Of copulative joining nothing needs to be said. "Whichever element 

 of an idea-trio or thought be conceived as indispensable to its fellows, 

 that element may be ranked as the copula of the other two; and plainly 



