100 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



the object of the relative clause. But here again it is also and 



more sis'nificantlv true, that dancer is restricted bv ^^of 



Smith sainted the partner," as again is strongly hinted by the 

 popular form, ''The dancer (whom) Smith saluted the partner 

 of." Indeed, if strict account be kept of the double value of the 

 so-called possessive 'Svhose," an even stranger construction may 

 be developed. For 'Svhose" unquestionably means ''of whom" 

 and may, indeed, be analyzed into the elements "who (the mere 

 sign of second membership) and "se" (synonymous with "of"). 

 The merely instructional value of "who" being once noted, it 

 mav. in the consideration of thouirht-elements, be allowed to dis- 

 appear. Thought-architecture may accordingly be faithfully 

 indicated either by 



"The dancer (whom) Smith saluted the partner of," or 



"The dancer — (who) Smith saluted the partner se/' That 

 is, by either notation, the clause beginning with "Smith" is a 

 restricter of "dancer." 



The simultaneous factor may serve in the relative clause as 

 verbal adjunct, or, more strictly, as part thereof. To illustrate^ 

 in "This is the place in which Lincoln fell," the prepositional 

 phrase "in which" is grammatically ranked as the adjunct of 

 "fell ;" and of this adjunct the relative "which" is a part. But 

 in this example my aim in using the relative clause was to re- 

 strict the idea expressed by "place." I wish you to conceive a 

 place distinguished from all others by Lincoln's in-falling. 

 That such indeed is the usual intention is indicated by the popu- 

 lar "This is the place (which) Lincoln fell in," the purely in- 

 structional value of "which" being further hinted by its frequent 

 omission. 



The structure of thought in such usage is commonly disguised 

 by multiple symbolization, the duties of both "in" and "which"" 

 being performed by the single w^ord "where." I may accord- 

 ingly say, "This is the place where Lincoln fell." In this ex- 

 pression "where" is commonly styled a relative and an adjunct. 

 But strictly speaking, "where" possesses two values, namely, "in" 

 and "which;" and of these one only is relative, while both are 

 required to form an adjunct. 



The place-idea may be combined as above with the same re- 

 lation (e. g. "in") in both clauses; and also each combination 



