94: }Visconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



fortitude required at our boarding-house, I tell you that "We need th& 

 stomachs of men who live on rats;" and this I do with perfect confi- 

 dence that you will think of such men and thereby of such stomachs 

 as I do myself. 



Again, that what is true should offer available aid in the acquisition 

 of truth, is sufficiently illustrated by "The guest who bowed to Smith 

 is my nephew," the salutation being supposed to have occurred. That, 

 however, the acquisition of truth may be aided by untruth, is not so 

 plainly apparent. A complete examination of the different forms of 

 this possibility would lead too far. Contenting myself on that account 

 with a single crucial test, I suppose that my servant has worn to a fire- 

 men's ball a pair of trousers, which at the time he believed to be mine. 

 But later he has learned that what he actually wore was the similar 

 garment of a guest who has since departed with all his belongings. To 

 make the illustration even more effective, let it be conceded that I also 

 know this and that each of us is aware of the other's knowledge. 

 Suppose now that I say to my servant, "Bring me the trousers that you 

 wore to the firemen's ball." Bringable trousers including assumably 

 only my own, it is plain that none such can truly be characterized as 

 worn to the ball. Yet I do not hesitate so to characterize the desired 

 pair; and, guided by such characterization, my servant thinks of the 

 right trousers; he wastes no time in psychologizing on the reality, prob- 

 ability, possibility, or plausibility of the characterization; he gets the 

 trousers. 



Be then the intrinsic value of the restrictive what it will, it will be 

 used for restrictive purposes, if only it be able to restrict. 



(S) Its Purpose. 



To illustrate, suppose that, as above, I use the sentence ^'The 

 guest who bowed to Smith is mj- nephew;" my motive needs, I 

 think, no demonstration. Recognizing that, without the clause 

 "who bowed to Smith," my contemplated statement would be 

 inadequate, I intend that by the use of this clause such inade- 

 quacy be relieved. My motive is even more conspicuous in ex- 

 amples offering a severer test. In "All men who live in Eng- 

 land are called English," and again in "I don't know any man, 

 w^ho is perfectly happy," the inadequacy of the isolated princi- 

 pal clause becomes untenability. Unless my principal shall ab- 

 solutely contradict me, I must relieve its inadequacy by a re- 

 strictive. The relieving purpose of my relative clause is em- 

 phasized on the one hand by glaring need. On the other hand 



