84 Wisco7ism Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 



that three thoughts be so constituted that two of them may be linked 

 either directlj-, each to the other, or indirectly through the medium 

 of the third. Accordingly 



(e) Two units may have a factor in common and also, each, a fac- 

 tor common to a third unit. In this case either the factor covimon to 

 the two or the factors common to the third may he made simultaneous^ 

 "but not both. 



To illustrate, let three thoughts be diagrammed as follows: 



(1) Men — suffer — pain. 



Suffering 



(3) -( is because of 



I I 



(^ disobedience. 



(2) Men — disobey — laws. 



Of this trio (1) and (2) have the common factor named by "men." 

 Further, (1) and (3) have the common factor named by "suffer" and 

 "suffering;" also (3) and (2) have the common factor named by "dis- 

 obedience" and "disobey." As indicated, I may follow either one of two 

 linking processes. On the one hand I may make "suffer" and "suffer- 

 ing" simultaneous, and also "disobedience" and "disobey;" I may at the 

 same time reduce the causal relation of (3) from declarative to merely 

 suggestive form, obtaining "men suffer pain because men (or human 

 beings or they) disobey laws." On the other hand I may make men (1) 

 and men (2) simultaneous, obtaining "Men who disobey laws suffer 

 pain." I may not, however, follow both these methods at once. That 

 is, I may not say that "Men suffer pain because who break laws."^ 



^ After linking two thoughts by one of these methods I may, however, again 

 by the other method link one thought to a repetition of the other thought. Thus, 



(1)' Men — disobey — laws. 



(2) Men — suffer — pain. 



r suffering 

 I I 



(3) -l is because of 



I I 



[disobedience. 



CD' Men — disobey — laws. 



Let now fEe "men" of (1)' and (2) become simultaneous, developing "Men 

 who disobey laws suffer pain." It is practicable further to reduce (2), (3), and 

 (1)'' as before, obtaining in toto "Men who disobey laws suffer pain because men 

 (or human beings or they) disobey laws." It is common in this operation to 

 replace the word "because," etc., by the single word "therefore," which, as I have 

 elsewhere striven to show, is equivalent to "because of that," or, in full, "be- 

 cause men disobey laws." The fact of momentary importance is my ability to 

 use the rcinstative relation namer, as in "Men who disobey laws, therefore 

 (hence, on that account), suffer pain." I may not, however, use the contin- 

 uative relation namer ; that is, I may not say "Men who disobey laws, icherefore, 

 whence, on which account) suffer pain." 



