34 }'Visco?isin Academy of Sciences^ Arts, and Letters. 



idea-presenting jDOwer of ^^sncli" is only in part vicarious. That 

 power, in fact, is the same as that of ^^persons like them," in 

 which "soldiers" and "sailors" are a second time presented by 

 "them," while "persons like" are presented initiatively. Again, 



"Suffer little children to come unto me For of such is the 



kingdom of Heaven." "Such" in this case stands, I take it, 

 for two groups : first, by simple reinstatement, for "little chil- 

 dren" ; second, for "persons like little children," this latter 

 group being obtained by a second reinstatement of "little chil- 

 dren" simultaneous with the initiative presentation of "persons 

 like." That is, "such" accomplishes one initiative and two 

 vicarious presentations. 



The multiple activity of the vicarious word is even more note- 

 worthy in the folloAving illustration : Suppose that two children 

 have just figured at a school commencement; one is a boy and 

 the other a <2:irl ; thev belonc* to different families : the mother 

 of one and the father of the other are present. I may ^then 

 very well say, (1) "Mr. A. has witnessed the graduation of his 

 boy,"^ using "his" at the same time to reinstate "Mr. A." and 

 initiatively to express a relation hardly possessive, indeed more 

 strictly parental; (2) "Mrs. B. has witnessed the graduation 

 of her girl," in which "her" reinstates "Mrs. B." and initiatively 

 indicates the parental relation. The two parental relations are, 

 however, quite independent, as each concerns a different pair 

 of terms ; indeed, we strongly tend to differentiate them qualita- 

 tively. I am hardly hair-splitting when I specify the former 

 relation as paternal and the latter as maternal. Assuming this 

 differentiation to be conceded, I note that what I have expressed 

 in two sentences is commonly put in one, as follows: ''Mr. A. 

 and Mrs. B. have witnessed the graduation of their boy and girl," 

 a sentence in which Hheir' accomplishes all that was effected 

 by 'liis' and 'lierf' that is, ''their'' makes two reinstatements, 

 while initiatively expressing two different relations. The com- 

 plexity of the feat performed by "their" may be emphasized in 

 the following algebraic paraphrase: given a > h and c < dy 

 it is required to express a, c, > and < by a single symbol. 

 Other sjanbols, though conspicuously vicarious, are sometimes 



^I avoid the word "son" in order to throw all relation indication upon "his." 



