30 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arls^ and Letters. 



come." To this I answer: ^'That doesn't describe your com- 

 ing at all. It is because she is to be here.'' The thonght ex- 

 pressed by remark and answer seems to me to be as follows: 

 "But" expresses addition of a discordant type, addition of the 

 preceding thonght, addition to ''T have come." The full mean- 

 ing, then, of the second sentence is, "I have come in S2:)ite of 

 Miss X's prospective presence." Condensing and redranghting 

 thonght perspective, I obtain "My coming is huf^ or antagonis- 

 tic (to her expected presence). In the same way my answer 

 resolves into the follovv^ing: "That (namely, antagonism) 

 doesn't describe yonr coming. It is resultant" (or because of her 

 prospective presence). While this use of "that" may stretch 

 conventionality, it does not seem to overtask the powers of the 

 reinstative. I therefore think it not too much to say that the 

 reinstatement of a conjunction by a pronoun is at least a lin- 

 guistic possibility. 



IX. THEIR SERVICE AS VARIOUS PARTS OF SPEECH. 



The following section aims to observe the reinstatives in their 

 use as different sentence-elements (parts of speech), including, 

 therefore, many uses to which Grammar has closed its eyes, re- 

 fusing to recognize as pronouns any but substantive words. 



That the vicarious word may be used as a noun has been 

 abundantly shown in Section viii. That in such usage it is 

 separately ranked as a pronoun, has been noted as a mere vagary 

 of Grammar. 



That it is also used as an adjective appears in the following 

 illustration: "Are the flags red? They are that/'^ 



Its use as an article is somewhat less assured. But suppose 

 you ask, "Where are my shoes?" and I answer, ''The shoes 

 are under the table ;" it is possible at least that "the" be taken 

 as reinstating the idea expressed by "my." For, had I said: 

 "They are under the table," "they" would surely be regarded 

 as reinstating "my shoes." Xow this possible "they" and the 

 actual "The shoes" of my answer seem to be synonymous. 



^French Grammar lias been much embarrassed by such failure of usage to 

 abide by the dictum of syntax, sometimes ranliing "that" (le) as a pronoun and 

 sometimes, tbr reasons not easy to imagine, as an adverb. 



