68 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



going to marry", jou feel that I either ought to have suhstituted 

 "her" for "Whom" or put my two sentences in one. The pre- 

 dominance of the latter view gives my second statement the 

 aspect of the supplementary, the overlooked, a sort of post- 

 scriptal flavor considerably utilized with humorous intention. 



The use of the pseudorelative is most remarkable in expres- 

 sions which exhibit that combination of several ideas under a 

 single symbol, for which I have used the name of multiple sym- 

 bolization. Such expressions are frequent in Latin, a conven- 

 ient type being offered by "Helvetii legates mittunt qui dice- 

 rent." In this sentence Grammar interprets "qui" as contain- 

 ing, either by incorporation or inferentially, an "ut." Now "ut" 

 itself, whatever its original value, has come to mean, in such a 

 usage, "for" (in the sense of "pour," "um," etc.) ; that is, it 

 names the relation which holds between an act and its intended 

 result ; in brief it names what may be called a purpose relation 

 and ranks sententially as a preposition.^ Utilizing this mean- 

 ing in diagram I obtain 



The Helvetians — send — ambassadors 



for (in order that) 

 they — say — etc. 



Now, as will appear in the following chapter, if I maintain the 

 connection between upper and lower clauses which is established 

 by "for," I shall not also connect them by making "Caesar" and 

 "he" simultaneous. That is, it is unlinguistic to say "I wrote to 

 Caesar in order that who should come to me." If, therefore, 

 "qui" contains an "ut," either by incorporation or inferentially, 

 it must be that "qui" is not also the bign of simultaneous factor- 

 ship. This conclusion indeed is endorsed by Grammar, v/hich 

 interprets "qui" as meaning "ut ille" and not at all as meaning 

 "ut qui." That is, the word "qui" is interpreted as uniting with 

 "ut," not indeed a relative element, but rather a demonstrative 

 or, to speak with more exactness, a coinstative. The actually 



*How far "ut" has also anticipative power, presenting substantively the fol- 

 lowing thought, with the force originally resident in the phrase "in order that," 

 "for that," or for ]> y, may be neglected. 



