66 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences^ Arts, arid Letters. 



urally perfected. Their development is clearest perhaps in orig- 

 inal relatives of manner. Thus '^ ^However he lies he doubtless 

 fell" may mean that he fell in any way (which) he lies in. But 

 in "However he struggles he will sink/' the case is different. I 

 no longer mean that his sinking will be marked by any peculiar- 

 ity which characterizes his struggle. I certainly mean that in 

 spite of his struggling he will sink; and the conception of his 

 struggling as of any sort you please is a mere intensifier, agree- 

 able to me as showing the range of antagonism that my final 

 clause will bear^ and helpful to you as suggesting the concessive 

 character of mv initial clause. 



The rhetorical force of concession is augmented when it is pre- 

 liminarily put in the form of isolated statement, as in "He strug- 

 gles bravely." In this form the concession has the further force 

 of being vouched for as true. In order now that you may clearly 

 perceive the antagonism between my concessive and my final 

 statement, I reinstate the former in the statement of the latter, 

 thus : "He struggles bravely. However, he will sink." Examin- 

 ing in this expression the whilom relative, I find its value to 

 be as follows: Its original relative power of double thought 

 membership has totally disappeared. Its indefinite and intensive 

 powers are also essentially lost. Per contra its power of hinting 

 at antagonism has become a power of complete symbolization. 

 "However" has all the meaning of "though" (in spite of), as ap- 

 pears in the exact equivalence of "He will sink, though." Again 

 "However," for the more perfect performance of its new duty, 

 has further taken on the power of reinstating a preceding 

 thought. The meaning of my second sentence in full is, accord- 

 ingly, "In spite of (trotz) his struggling bravely he will sink." 

 That is, from an earlier rank as instructional sign of second 

 thought membership,^ "however" has attained the rank of a 

 '^^thought-connective," a word, that is, with the power of rein- 

 stating a previous thought, and at the same time naming its rela- 

 tion with a following thought. 



^Conf. "I don't know how (=the manner in which) ever (become an intensi- 

 fier of "how's" indefiniteness) it happened." 



