62 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Ai^ts, and Letters. 



one is ideal, reinstating "Himmel;" the other is functional, showing 

 that "Himmel" reinstated is subject of "erwartete." Let now my 

 thought be planned for continued expression; that is, let the idea ini- 

 tiated by "Himmel" not lapse, but remain in mind as a simultaneous 

 factor. TlJis idea is accordingly no longer twice used, once as an orig- 

 inal and again as a copy, but once only, as a persistent original. SucH 

 being the case, "Der" can no longer have any power to present this 

 idea, which has already appeared, which still remains, and of which no 

 copy can be utilized. There remains only then to "Der" the opportun- 

 ity for its secondary value, that of showing that "Himmel" is subject 

 of "erwartete." That is, the reinstative, itself an adaptation of the 

 demonstrative (egocentric), being emptied of its meaning, becomes an 

 isolated inflection or relative. 



XVII. SUBSIDIARY VALUES OF RELATIVES. 



While emphasizing the function-naming value of the relative, I have 

 not meant to suggest the impossibility of co-existent values. The rela- 

 tive, indeed, may be expected to do what is done by other function- 

 signs. These by linguistic economy are often called upon to accomplish 

 multiple aims. The ending of the word "victor," contrasted with that 

 of "'victorem," is an obvious sign of nominative function. But this end- 

 ing, contrasted with that of "victoria," is a sign of meaning, namely 

 agency; and juxtaposed with that of "victrix" it is the sign of another 

 meaning, namely sex. So, too, even in the inflectional poverty of 

 French, the relative may at the samSe time exhibit function and initiate 

 an idea. Thus in "avoir (ce) a quoi penser" the simultaneous object 

 of "having" and "thinking" is by "quoi" exhibited as a thing; but in 

 "avoir a qui penser" the simultaneous object is revealed as a person. 

 On the other hand "cui," "cujus" and "quo" express initiatively ideas 

 namable by "to," "of" and "from." 



The relative also, and very commonly, has an associative value. 

 Thus, in "The tailor made a suit for Miss X is very beautiful," some 

 factor of "The tailor made a suit for Miss X" is obviously also a factor 

 of "is very beautiful." When now I come to indicate that this simulta- 

 neous factor is the subject in the latter thought, I find two available 

 function-signs, namely "who" and "which." Of these "who" is used to 

 fihow the function of persons only and "which" of things. Accordingly 

 If, to indicate function in second thought, I use the word "which," you 

 assume that the idea whose second function I have in mind must oe a 

 thing; that Is, the simultaneous factor must be "suit." In other words, 



the simultaneous factor is indicated by the associative value of the rela- 

 tive. 



