28 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



much. When the proxy serves a plexus of icleas^ it is often 

 quite impossible to determine the extent of that plexus. Thus, 

 ^'The papers declare Brown to have announced himself to be 

 unable to pay his debts. I didn't expect that.'' In this exam- 

 ple ^^that" may stand for the whole or a part of the preceding 

 sentence ; and the ]3art may be large or small. Thus by ^^that" 

 I may mean ''Brown to have announced etc.", or ''Bro"\^'n to be 

 unable etc.'', or even ''Brown to be able etc." 



VIII. THEIR SERVICE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF SPEECH. 



In this section I invite an effort to find, if it may be, with 

 Grammar's own eyes, the reinstated sentence-elements (or parts 

 of speech) which grammatical vision has overlooked. Conform- 

 ing then, so far as in me lies, to Grammar's categories, and con- 

 fining myself for the moment to vicarious substantives, since 

 Grammar recognizes these alone as pronouns, I first recall that 

 the use of such vicarious words to reinstate preceding nouns, 

 has already been amply illustrated. Similar reinstatement of 

 substantives classed as p7^onominal may rank as the merest corol- 

 lary. Thus, ^'That is my hat. It can't be yours." 



Some tendency Grammar shows to the opinion that other parts 

 of speech are not thus reinstated. That, however, which words 

 (grammatically ranked as pronouns) do actually reinstate, is 

 often an adjective. Thus, extending illustrations beyond that 

 which perhaps alone ought to be and including what linguisti- 

 cally is, ''Bed rags enrage bulls. That is unfortunately the color 

 of my hat," or "The flag is red. That (or it) is a beautiful 

 color.'^ 



Even the idea expressed by the enfeebled ego-centric known 

 as the definite article (derived from that) is not unfrequently 

 reinstated. Thus, suppose you utter the word "Bro^vns" ; it 

 may suggest to me a considerable number of families. But if 

 you say "The Brow^ns", I at once restrict the scope of the word 

 to the particular family foremost in our common acquaintance. 

 Let now vour statement be ''The Broiuns have sailed for Eu- 

 rope". I reply: "They are great travellers". By "They" I 

 mean not merely what I have learned from the word "Browns", 

 but also what I have learned from the word "The" ; that is, I 



