24 Wisconsm Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



expressed, I am peculiarly unfitted to say, as the phraseology has never 

 been part of my expressional outfit. I have therefore no attendant 

 thought to name as even my individual meaning. All that I can offer is 

 a suspicion, as follows: From a mere propositive, "Zachaeus" has be- 

 come legitimate subject. From the rank of subject, "he" has descended 

 to that of an explainer, distinguishing the subject as a person (an- 

 tagonized to "it"), as masculine (antagonized to "she") and as nomi- 

 native (antagonized to "him"). That is, this usage merely exhibits a 

 stage of the process by which the personal pronouns, first appositively 

 associated with nouns and next emptied of their meaning, finally an- 

 nex themselves as case-endings. The present phenomenon, thus con- 

 strued, is merely a case of arrested encliticism. A vicarious word, 

 primarily reinstative and later coinstative, is in value somewhere on 

 the line of development into an inflectional sufiix. 



I have thus far adhered to the plan of examining proxies only 

 in their retrospective aspect. As a mere snggestion of the com- 

 pleteness with which such examination might be carried out, 

 I note that also the anticipative proxies may be differentiated, 

 according as the idea rudely prefigured by the proxy dees or 

 does not lapse before its completer exhibition by the following 

 principal. Thus, suppose you enter my r6om as I utter the 

 words ''He is very ill". The word ''He" is reinstative to an- 

 other auditor, possessed of my previous utterance ; but in your 

 case the word must be treated as anticipative, if you are to un- 

 derstand my meaning. I accordingly add "I am speaking of 

 Brown". To you, then, "He" is a proxy of the prospective or- 

 der. Also, if you think as I do, the idea expressed by "He" is 

 allowed to lapse (to the degTce at least of clearing the way for 

 ideas possibly yet to come) before the appearance of the princi- 

 pal "BrO'\\Ti." The office of "He" may be distinguished then 

 as predictive, preinstative or annunciative. 



In "His illness alarms Smith," the "He" contained in "His" 

 appears again as a proxy and again prospective. Its idea does 

 not, however, lapse before the appearance of "Smith." It may 

 be distinguished as inceptive or inaugurative. 



The two prospective usages may be illustrated as follows: 

 the annunciative office is that of Isaiah the prophet, long fore- 

 telling the Messiah's coming; the inaugurative is that of John 

 the Baptist, accompanied by the One foretold. The annuncia- 

 tive is an advance agent, the converse of a reinstative. The in- 

 augurative is rather an usher, the converse of a coinstative. 



