20 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts^ and Letters. 



requires revival — cannot otherwise serve witli "is going to Eu- 

 rope". On the other hand, the idea revived hy ''him" does not 

 require revival. It is still fresh enough, as presented by 

 "Brown," to associate with it-s fellows, notably with "horse", 

 although the latter appears upon the scene even later than "him". 

 Accordingly the use of "him" cannot be explained by the neces- 

 sity which leads to the use of "He". Although, then "him", 

 as a matter of fact, revives the idea named bv "Brown", this re- 

 vival may be regarded as merely incidental, and not the special 

 purpose of the speaker. 



That purpose is rather as follows: having formed in your 

 mind an original picture under the influence of "Brown" ; hav- 

 ing established this original in thought-membership (say as sub- 

 ject) ; while still maintaining this original in this membership, 

 I wish you to form a copy of it, and to use this copy in a second 

 membership (say indirect object) of the same thought. That 

 is, while in Case I. I use principal and proxy in different 

 thoughts, in Case II. I use them in the same thought. 



The proxy as used in Case I., I have called a reinstative, that 

 is, a vicarious word which gives back status to an idea which has 

 lost it. Meaning now, per contra, a vicarious word wluch gives 

 a second status to an idea still retaining a first status, I suggest 

 the designation cumulative or coinstative. 



Of words of this type a few have been ranked by Grammar as a 

 special pronominal group under the title "reflexives." To illustrate, 

 "Brown has hurt himself." In this sentence it is plain thai "himself" 

 cannot alone inform you who is meant, but requires the aid of a prin- 

 cipal, namely, "Brown." That is, "himself" is vicarious. Again, the 

 proxy and the principal serving in the same sentence, the former is 

 what has been described as coinstative. As a reinstative, moreover, 

 it cannot serve. I may not say, "I just met Brown. Himself is going 

 to Europe," or "I was glad to see himself." To this rule exceptions are, 

 I think, apparent only. Thus, "I just met Broivn. He professed Jiim- 

 self glad to see me." In this sentence "himself" might seem to re- 

 instate "Brown." But the only actual reinstative is "He;" it is this 

 word that "himself" regards as its principal, without regard to "Brown." 

 The action of "himself" is then as before coinstative. 



Even as coinstative the use of "himself is further restricted and, 

 I think, to service of a first term, as in "Broicn has bought himself a 

 house," or "has hurt himself." I may not say, " Broivn' s house suits 

 himself' (unemphatic), or "To Brown the house of himself is pleas- 



