10 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



signs of what I mean ontniimberino:, as might be expected, the 

 signs of what I have meant or what I am about to mean. The 

 forward and backward looking words are indeed but prologue 

 and epilogue of the sentential drama. Few in number^ and 

 unique in tactics, they form a sharply isolated class to which our 

 special attention will be given. In the meantime I Vv'ish, for the 

 sake of the side-lights oifered, to pass in review the other so- 

 called pronominal groups, which Grammar has established by 

 the aid of further characteristics, more or less distinctly appre- 

 hended. As, however, any effort spent upon them is in my own 

 opinion a digression, it is consistent and helpful to the clearness 

 of exposition to designate them as pseudopronouns^ recognizing 

 the vicarious words alone as strictly pronominal. 



Among the different characteristics which Grammar has uti- 

 lized in establishing the pseudopronominal groups, I elect, as 

 most convenient to start with, indefiniteness in the meaning ex- 

 pressed. The effort to separate tlie definite and the indefinite 

 is not, to be sure, especially hopeful. But, assuming that it can 

 be successfully accomplished, I subdivide the initiatives into 

 definites and indefinites.'^ 



The definites are subject to further differentiation, according 

 as the ideas which they exhibit do or do not change with change 

 in the speaker. The difference between them appears most 

 clearly in spatial relations. Suppose for instance that you and 

 I are facing each other, you looking southward. Directly be- 

 tween us stands a tree, and a little to one side a bush. Of this 

 bush I remark, '^'It is east of the tree". The relation between 

 bush and tree is quite definite ; it is correctly expressed by the 

 word ^^east" ; and the expression perfectly fits my personal point 

 of view. Moreover, if you wish yourself to express this rela- 

 tion, you may also say with perfect truth, ^'The bush is east of 

 the tree". That is, the word ^'east" fits your point of view no 

 less exactly than it does my own. This is but saying that neither 

 of us, in using the idea expressed by "east," puts into it any 

 element peculiar to himself. Self, indeed, so far as may be, 



^The same subdivision may be effected with the vicarious words; but aa it is 

 unnecessary and not suggested by Grammar, it is not attempted. For the same 

 reason other possible subdivisions invited later are not carried out. 



