Buchley — Ice Ramparts. 145 



distance from the sliore. Where this occurred, the ice was ordi- 

 narily piled lip in irregular blocks forming what is commonly 

 known as an ice ridge. ( See Plate III. ) In some places the re- 

 lief occurred near the shore, on account of which the bank was 

 nearly covered with a mass of broken ice. In this way, boulders, 

 which were originally at, or even below the surface of the water, 

 were carried ujDward and deposited on the top of the bank, 

 where they frequently remained as perched blocks after the ice 

 had melted in the sj)ring. The best illustration of this phe- 

 nomenon occurred along the south shore of Lake Monona, where 

 a heavy bank of glacial boulders effectually resisted the pressure 

 of the ice. ( See D, Plate I. ) Similar examples were conspicu- 

 ous along the shore of Lake Mendota bordering the University 

 grounds (See E, Plate L), and also along the steeper and more 

 resistant portions of Picnic Point. 



In some places the expansion of the ice resulted in elevating 

 and pushing over almost vertical banks of boulder clay. The 

 most striking examples of this phenomenon occurred on Lake 

 Mendota at Picnic Point and in front of the Mendota Hospital 

 for the Insane. The bank on the east side of Picnic Point (See 

 R, Plate I. ) , composed of sod, boulders, and clay, was shoved up 

 into a ridge having an average height of about four feet, a breadth 

 of base of about eleven feet, and a breadth at the top of about 

 four feet. At one place the band had a height of not less than 

 eight feet and carried on the top a tree of considerable size. 

 (See Plate IV.) In many places the ice-shove was made more 

 effective by numerous boulders and large quantities of gravel 

 which had been caught up and frozen into the ice along the 

 shore. These boulders were in many places actually rammed 

 into the bank, where they presented much the appearance of 

 plums in a pudding. A larger part of the rampart on Picnic 

 Point was nearly vertical, although in one or two places it had 

 been partly overturned. 



The shore of Lake Mendota in front of the Hospital for the 

 Insane is bordered close to the water's edge with many trees. 

 (See P, Plate I.) The bank is in many places vertical or even 

 over-hanging and large masses were raised up and overturned 

 by the ice-shove. Trees twelve inches and more in diameter 

 were dislodged and overturned. (See Plate VII.) In one place, 

 10 



