130 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



self to a point behind me, and "forward" the opposite. Turn- 

 ing to the case in which one terminal only of the motion line 

 is fixed, I note that ''hither" means along a line from anywhere 

 to at, or near, myself, while ''hence" denotes the opposite. 

 "Thither" denotes a motion from anywhere (but with a little 

 preference for self) to a point "there,'' that is, a point deter- 

 mined by self as a landmark; "thence" denotes the opposite."^ 



In the above illustration direction is an abstraction from mo- 

 tion, conceived as an attribute of motion, while motion itself is 

 expressed by another word. But sometimes the motion per se 

 and its direction unite under a single designation which may be 

 roughly known as course. Thus "to come" means to move along 

 a line, one end of which is at or near myself. By "to go" is com- 

 monly meant a motion along the same line, but in the opposite 

 direction. 



By the usual transition egocentric distinctions pass from the 

 field of space to that of time. What is "now" belongs to the 

 actual self, as distinguished from the self remembered or an- 

 ticipated. Time remote from the "now," but not distinguished 

 in direction, may be iudicated by an equivocal word such as the 

 Latin "olim." Or the two divisions of time not "now" may 

 be indicated, as in English, by "once" and "some time," which 

 indicate respectively the past and the future. 



ThougM-near7iess is also egocentrically distinguished. ^'This 

 kind" (e. g. "this kind of men") and ''that kind" m'ay both in- 

 clude what lies within my mental horizon of the moment, what 

 lies without being expressible by ''other kinds ;" and ''this kind" 

 again may stand for what is focal in consciousness, while "that 

 kind" names an idea comparatively marginal." 



^By an easy transition many spatial words become entirely indefinite. The 

 Ideas expressed by "lience" (from this place) and "thence" (from that place) are 

 grouped wFth their possible kin under such words as "off," "away," "hin." 

 Again, when once incapable of expressing alone an even approximately definite 

 direction, they are ready to enter vicarious service. Thus, in "Brown used to 

 live here. But he has moved elsewhere," the last word means "a place different 

 from here." conceived as term of a motion from here. That is, the "elsewhere" 

 is partly reinstative and partly initiative. 



2 Somewhat similar is the use of "he" to denote the person par excellence of 

 common acquaintance. To illustrate, " 'He cometh not,' she said." The idea 

 expressed by "He" is obviously that of an individual likely to assume the focal 

 position in tlie minds of speaker and hearer. This focality may be regarded 

 as normal with the speaker and recognized as such by the hearer. When it be- 

 comes estabTished to a sufficient degree, such "he" acquires a footing inferior 

 only to that of the "I," with which I think it may be classed rather than else- 

 where, ranking essentially as a proper noun. 



