Tuberculosis. 107 



inspection of live animals and of those killed for human food. 

 Even in the large cities of Europe when such inspections are 

 obligatory, in the case of carcasses, the data given are so variable 

 as to suggest the acceptance of diflferent standards in the various 

 cities and countries. Thus tuberculous cattle are said to number: 

 In Bavaria 0.225 per cent. (Goring), in Augsburg 0.26 per cent. 

 (Adam), in Baden 0.2 per cent. (Lydtin), in France 0.5 per cent. 

 (Arloing), in Belgium 0.4 per cent. (Van Hertsen), in Paris 6 per 

 cent. (Friedberger and Frohner), in Holland 20 per cent. (Schmidt), 

 in Pommerania and Bomberg 50 per cent. (Schanz, Albrecht), 

 at Hildesheim, Hanover, 60 to 70 per cent. (Haarstick), in Leip- 

 sic 20 per cent. (Rieck), in Edinburgh 26 per cent. (Cope, McFad- 

 yean). American figures given by the Bureau of Animal Indus- 

 try are for Baltimore (mostly cows) 2.5 to 3.5 per cent, and for the 

 packing centers (among 2,273,547 mostly steers) 0.02 per cent. 

 It must be noted that the data from Baltimore is somewhat too 

 favorable for city cows, as the cows were largely from infected 

 dairies, where the more rapidly fatal lung plague carried off many 

 before time had been allowed for the development of tuberculosis, 

 and as the vacancies were speedily filled by fresh cows from coun- 

 try districts, the results give the ratio for country herds rather 

 than the normal proportion for the city. The splendid showing 

 for the steers must also be qualified by the remark that the fat 

 and apparently healthy are alone sent to the large distant market 

 while the unthrifty are held back lest they should spoil the sale. 



Steers further largely escape on account of their out-door life 

 with less opportunity for infection, and because they are, as a 

 rule, killed at three years old and under, and tuberculosis becomes 

 more and more prevalent with the advancing age of the stock. 

 In a large aggregate number of German abattoirs, cows suffered 

 in ratio of 6.9 per cent., oxen 3.6 per cent., bulls 2.6 per cent., 

 and calves and yearlings i per cent. In Leipsic, tuberculous 

 cows were 26 per cent., oxen 19.5 per cent., bulls 15.4 per cent., 

 and calves 9.3 per cent. 



In infected breeding and dairy herds in New York, consisting 

 largely of mature cows I have found a maximum of 98 per cent, 

 and a minimum of 5 per cent. Again in healthy country dis- 

 tricts I have found hundreds of cows in adjoining herds without 

 a trace of tuberculosis among them. 



