502 Bulletin 78. 



ever, there need now be no confusion of the adult male insects, 

 and doubtless, when larger numbers of fresh specimens of the 

 maggots are examined, characters will be found to readily distin- 

 guish them. 



The life-history of this Fringed Anthomyiian is doubtless very 

 similar to that of the Cabbage and the Onion Flies ; in its bene- 

 ficial role of sucking locust eggs, it may differ somewhat. Thus, 

 with a similar life-history, the methods recommended for com- 

 bating the Cabbage Root Maggot when it attacks radishes, will 

 prove equally eflfective against this Fringed Anthomyiian should 

 it ever occur in destructive numbers, which it seems not to have 

 yet done. 



RELATION OF THE PEST TO THE "CEUB-ROOT" OF 



CABBAGE. 



The peculiar affection of cabbage roots shown in figure 7 is 

 familiar to gardeners as the " Club-root," "Club-foot," "Clump- 

 foot," or "Clubbing" of cabbage. It is an old enemy, having 

 been known in Europe for more than a century, and American 

 cabbage growers have suffered from it for at least half a century. 

 The total loss from this disease aggregates thousands of dollars 

 annually ; it is particularly destructive in the eastern truck gar- 

 dens in the vicinities of the large cities. 



For many years after the disease was known to exist, it was 

 believed to be caused b}^ insects. And this is not to be wondered 

 at, for often various insects are found in such intimate connection 

 with it that its cause would naturally be attributed to them. The 

 insect that is most often found in connection with the Club-root in 

 this country is the Cabbage Root Maggot. In England the Tur- 

 nip and Cabbage Root-gall Weevil {Ceidorhyyichus sidcicollis) also 

 occurs with the Club-root. 



The maggots of this last insect cause round gall-like swellings on the roots 

 within which they feed ; and by the casual observer these weevil galls might 

 easily be confounded with the Club root. But these galls are commonly 

 regular in formation, like rounded smooth knobs, and on cutting them open 

 one does not find a mass of disorganized tissue as in Club-root, but there is a 

 central chamber which has been gnawed out by the maggot then to be seen 



