A Plum Scale. 697 



numbers of dead scales occur near each other, this difiference in 

 color is easily seen with the naked eye. Doubtless many of the 

 dead scales will "weather" ofiF by spring. 



Under our directions, millions of these scales were killed in 

 some of the infested orchards in November. Other orchardists 

 are now carrying on the work of destruction. Nearly all who 

 suflfered from the pest last summer realize the necessity of check- 

 ing the insect before spring opens. The spray will be equally 

 effective if applied at any time between November i and April i, 

 or when the trees are leafless. There is no question about the 

 effectiveness of the emulsion diluted 4 times, but it must be re- 

 membered that each scale must be hit with it before it will be 

 destroyed. 



How to spray, — Thoroughness must ever be the watch- word in 

 applying the emulsion. The scales are very small objects and 

 you must hit them with the emulsion. In making the applica- 

 tion about July i, the only direction needed is to thoroughly soak 

 the trees with the emulsion. In combating the hibernating 

 scales on the leafless trees, however, more care must be taken in 

 directing the spray. Remember that most of the scales are on 

 the undersides of the smaller branches, but there are thousands of 

 them also in the crevices of the bark all over the tree from the base 

 of the trunk to the topmost twig. Thus in order to hit the scales, 

 the spray must be directed from beneath the tree on all sides, and 

 ever}^ crevice filled with the liquid. Drench every square inch of 

 the bark. Do not trust the work to some one who does not appre- 

 ciate the necessity of hitting every scale, or the work will not be 

 half done. 



The McGowen and Vermorel nozzles will do the best work. 

 The knapsack pumps are practicable if but a few trees are infest- 

 ed. But in the large orchards in western New York that are now 

 full of the scale, large tanks and strong pumps must be used. 

 The horse power spraj'ers will not prove nearly so effective in 

 fighting this pest as an ordinary hand pump and barrel or tank 

 apparatus. You have got to stop at a tree, get under it, and stay 

 at least a minute to do a thorough job. Remember where the 

 scales are that you want to hit and do not leave the tree until they 

 are hit. This idea of thoroughness cannot be too strongly im- 

 pressed on the one who holds the nozzle when this pest is being 

 fought. 



