THE ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY— BUDS AND ROOTS 



Figure 22, one-year old horsechestnut shoot, autumn specimen, after the 

 leaves have fallen; this shoot shows a terminal bud. Terminal buds are found 

 on the ends of the stems and twigs of certain trees, shrubs, and herbs, and 

 through their evolution and growth the prolongation of the stem takes place. 

 They may easily be studied in the spring in the case of many trees, as the maple 

 (Figure 28), the hickories, and the present subject. Below the terminal bud, 

 on the sides of the stem or twig, we may notice certain small, triangular, naked 

 places. Here is where the leaf-stalks came away the previous autumn. On 

 the upper margins of these areas small buds are discovered; these are called 

 axillary buds, as they occupy the axil of the leaf — the place where the leaf is 

 attached to the stem. These axillary buds have a regular arrangement down the 

 stem, as shown in the drawing; and in the case of the destruction of the terminal 

 bud, a number of them may grow to become branches. In many shrubs and 

 trees these buds do not start to grow until spring opens up, while in the sycamore 

 (Figure 26) they may be covered all summer by a cup at the end of the leaf-stem 

 (base of the petiole). In this connection, study Figure 6 of this article. Some- 

 times, as in certain honeysuckles, several of these axillary buds are grouped 

 together, and when this is the case they are termed accessory or supernur>ierary 

 buds. This is also found to be the case in various trees, as in the butter-nut 

 (Figure 27), and here we find that one of the axillary buds is larger than the 

 others, being removed to a point above them on the stem. In the red maple, 



however, the axillary buds are seen to be placed side by side (Figure 28). The 

 study of buds is extremely interesting, not to say important. Besides the above- 

 mentioned axillary and accessory buds, we may also have adventitious buds, or 

 those that do not occur regularly in the axils, but appear in other places on the 

 stems in no regular order; they may be found even on leaves and roots. Adven- 

 titious buds may be scaly or they may be naked, — that is, without scales. Those 

 that develop into leaves are called leaf-buds, but when they do not contain 

 leaves but latent blossoms, they are termed flower-buds. One of the best ways 

 to study buds and their development, is to watch them from day to day as they 

 grow in the spring and early summer on plants, trees, and shrubs. 



In the next month's Illustrated Glossary the subject of roots will be taken 

 up; their terminology is quite as extensive as that of buds. Good examples will 

 be given of those that are termed fleshy roots, such as carrots, parsnips, turnips, 

 and radishes. Their simple, fleshy enlargements are really store-houses of food 

 for the growing perennial or biennial herb. When such roots are broad and 

 shallow, resembling some tops in form, they are called turnip-shaped or napi- 

 form roots (Figure 25); when they are elongate or cone-shaped, as in many 

 species of carrots, beets, and parsnips, they are termed conical roots (Figure 30). 

 Finally, we have the/«5i/orm or spindle-shaped roots, or those like some radishes, 

 which are more or less pointed at the extremities and enlarged at their middles 

 (Figure 29). Still other kinds of roots will be taken up in a future number. 



EARLY SAXIFRAGE, BLOODROOT, AND JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT 



By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, C. M. Z. S., Editor of the Department of Flowers 



AS winter retreats northward before the steady ad- 

 vance of the ever-increasing warmth of appi-oach- 

 ing spring, we have a season at hand that rivals 

 any other time of the year in which to ramble over fields, 

 and tramp through the woods with our collecting outfit. 

 Every part of the latter, since the days of the preceding 

 autumn, has lain neglected in some comer of the natural- 

 ist's sanctum, patiently awaiting the advent of the first 

 bird migrant; the awakening of the earliest flowering 

 plants; the chirruping of the merry cricket frogs in the 

 ponds and ditches, and a thousand other happenings 

 afield, which, combined, render this vernal season the 

 most delightful of the year. An April-tempered breeze 

 sends the dried and tan-colored fallen leaves of the pre- 

 vious season scurrying before you along the edge of the 

 oak and chestnut woods, exposing here and there a 

 patch of bright green fern leaves; a spray of early ar- 

 butus; a few brilliant partridge berries, not to mention 

 a dozen other peeping sprouts of as many different kinds 

 of growing things, making ready to put in as early an 

 appearance as possible. 



Ah ! There are some charming httle Spring Beauties — 

 surely they have been in bloom for a week at least. We all 

 know them ; and some of us may even remember that they 

 were named Claytonia in the honor of that good, old, Amer- 

 ican botanist, John Clayton, while the two species of the 



genus have received the names of States, being known as 

 Claytonia mrginica and Claytonia caroliniana. But these 

 must be described some other day ; for right here, in this 

 deep ditch to my left, I spy the first specimens of Early 

 Saxifrage seen thus far; so my faithful, old-time, five by 

 eight camera is brought into position, and the result here 

 reproduced in Figure 1 is secured. Like the Spring Beau- 

 ties, Early Saxifrage — the two best -known species of it — is 

 found in suitable localities over most of the upper half 

 of the United States, and have been named specifically 

 for States, as Saxifraga virginiensis, and Saxijraga penn- 

 sylvanica. As a family, however {Saxifragacea;) , — that is 

 the Saxifrage family, — it is more extensive than this; for 

 it contains in the genus a very large number of herbs and 

 shrubs. They are related to the Rose family (Rosaceae), 

 and are represented by the Mitreworts, Alumroot, and 

 their various allies. Asa Gray, for example, describes 

 an even dozen species of Saxifrage for us in his last " Man- 

 ual" : while in some of the earlier botanies only two species 

 are mentioned — the ones named above. 



Saxifraga, be it known, is compoimded of two Latin 

 names: saxum, a rock, and frangere, to break or fracture; 

 this for the reason that the plant is often seen growing in 

 the clefts of rocks in the woods. From this fact, some 

 botanists go so far as to say that they always grow in such 

 clefts; while, much to my surprise, I find that wc still 



83 



