THE ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY— TRANSFORMED OR SPECIAL FORMS OF LEAVES 



Figure 47. Leaves are transformed in many ways, as the scales that cover 

 buds may, in developing, become true leaves. One of the best examples of this 

 is the Low Sweet Buckeye of the South, shown in the figure, where the passage 

 from mere bud-scales to a perfect, palmate leaf of five leaflets is shown; or, 

 leaves may pass into spines, a good example of which is furnished by the summer 

 shoot of the Barberry (Fig. 48). As already shown, tendrils are likewise trans- 

 formed leaves. The Common Pitcher Plant has the leaves modified to form a 

 curious "pitcher" (Sarracenia), Fig. 49, — one being seen cut across in Fig. 50. 

 It is also called the Side-saddle Flower, or Huntsman's Cup. Most extra- 



ordinary of all is the famous "Venus's Fly-Trap" {Dionaa muscipiila) found 

 only near Wilmington, N. C. Its leaves are modified to catch flies and other 

 small insects and to digest them. There is a remarkable "pitcher plant" in 

 India (Fig. 53, Nepenthes), wherein the leaves contract distally to become a 

 climbing tendril, and at the farther end of this a pitcher, with a true, hinged lid, 

 is developed. This plant is sometimes found in American conservatories. Then, 

 finally, leaves may be so transformed as to become depositories for nourishment 

 for the entire plant, as is the case in the Agave or Century Plant, here shown, 

 much reduced, in Fig. 52 (.4. americana). 



DAISIES, CORN COCKLE, BUGLOSS, AND OTHER SUMMER 



FLOWERS 



BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. 



THROUGHOUT the central section of the country, 

 even as far as the Pacific Coast region, the month 

 of May is one of the most charming of all the 

 year. Summer has surely come, and the woods and fields, 

 with their thousands of denizens, are thoroughly awake. 

 To be sure, along the Gulf tier of states, it is past or fully 

 into what is midsummer here; while, traveling along the 

 Canadian boundary line, one might meet with snow storms 

 in various localities. Heavy snow storms have been known 

 to occur in Wyoming in August ; on the other hand, a mem- 

 ber of the Association sent American Forestry, during 

 the middle of last March, a milkweed from central 

 Florida, just about to bloom, having collected it near 

 Haines City. The birds in that region were then raising 

 their second brood, while in northern Dakota they were 

 hardly ready to begin their nests for the first one. Most 

 young birds, through the central section referred to, are, 

 as a rule, at the stage of the elegant, little Wood Thrush 

 seen in Figure 4; he has only been a day or so out of the 

 nest, and the Ox-eye Daisies, in the southern part of this 

 zone, are already coming out into blossom (Fig. 1), that 

 is, toward the latter part of May. In New England this 

 flower does not begin to blossom much before the first 

 week in June, continuing to do so until the end of 

 August, though stragglers may be seen until pretty late 

 in the autumn. 



This common white daisy of ours has been the theme 

 for many, many pens, and its literature extends back into 

 the days of Colonial history of the United States. It is 

 well to know that the plant originalh' came from Europe, 

 probably introduced by the early colonists. This will 

 account for its still being confounded, in some quarters, 

 with the English daisj' — an entirely different plant, with 

 a very different flower. 



Besides being called the White Daisy, it has also re- 

 ceived the name of Ox-eye Daisy; the White-weed; Mar- 

 guerite ; Love-me, love-me-not ; and perhaps other names. 

 It belongs in the genus Chrysanthemum, being generally 

 known as C. leucanthemiim of Linnaeus, and there is at 

 least one variety of it {C. I. pinnatifidum) , a very abundant 

 subspecies in fields and meadows throughout the north- 

 east section of the Union, where it is most heartily detested 

 by all farmers and agriculturists. In addition to this vari- 

 ety, there is the Com Chrysanthemum (C segetum) and 

 two other species known as the Feverfew (C parihenium) 

 and the Mint Geranium or Costmary (C balsamita). which 

 latter was introduced from Asia. These last species are all 

 garden escapes; they are spreading over the country in 

 many places, and at a pretty rapid rate in some localities. 

 It is hardly necessary to say that the generic term Chrysan- 

 themum is from a Greek word meaning golden flower, re- 

 ferring to the yellow or orange center of the American daisy. 



2S5 



