412 



AMERICAN" FORESTRY 



of the American Forestry Association, Mr. I). \ . Lin, 

 Executive Secretary of the Conservation Division of 

 the Young Men's Christian Association of China, 

 writes from Shanghai : 



" I am sure this booklet will be of great help to me 

 in my attempt to get a Chinese forestry association 

 firmly established. I shall be very glad to tell you 

 later, in detail, how I have been working to interest 

 prominent men in this country in such a movement. 



" After my lecture cami)aign in Xanchang, I went to 

 Wuchang, where altogether nine lectures were given. 

 The total attendance was 3580. Military Governor Wang 

 Jen-Yoen, who is also civil governor for Hupeh, presided 

 at the first meeting, and his interest certainly gave a good 

 start to the campaign in Wuchang. Results of the Wu- 

 chang campaign may be briefly stated as follows : 



" 1. The governor issued circulars to different dis- 

 tricts urging local magistrates to do a certain amount of 

 planting every year and asking the different taoyin to 

 supervise the work. 



" 2. An appropriation for extension work to be done 

 by some government agricultural students during the 

 summer time has been granted. 



" 3. A bureau for the promotion of forestry in Hupeh 

 will be inaugurated in the Agricultural Society. 



" Leaving Wuchang I went direct to Changsha. Hunan, 

 It was in this province that preparations for a forestry 

 lecture campaign were most complete. The governor 

 gave SI 50 to defray expenses for running a local cam- 

 paign in Changsha. The Hsien officials were notified. 

 Arrangements for a trip through the province were made. 

 Altogether 13 lecture'; were given in Changsha and as 

 manv as 5912 people attended these lectures. The gover- 



nor was so pleased with the results in Changsha that he 

 appointed one of his secretaries to escort me through the 

 province and urged me to lecture in as many of the interior 

 cities as possible. Four cities were visited and I lectured 

 in three of them. Coming back to Changsha I was asked 

 to inspect Yaloshan, where the famous generals, Huang 

 Hsing and Tsia Oa, are buried, to see what could be done 

 to reforest, or, rather to beautify, the mountain. 



" Perhajis the most important lecture in Changsha 

 was the one before the provincial assembly. The lecture 

 was arranged by the governor and the Commissioner of 

 Industries, who wished to see that the assemblvmen 

 would take a greater interest in agriculture and forestrv 

 and would ajjpropriate more money fur the work for the 

 entire ])rovince. The lecture was a success and it was 

 followed by some most interesting discussions as to what 

 ought to be done at once on Yaloshan and tliroughout the 

 Hsien cities. There is every reason to believe that fores- 

 try work in Hunan will have a good start this vear. The 

 results of the Hunan forestry campaign mav be sum- 

 marized as follows : 



" 1. Five cities were visited, 19 lectures given, and 

 7912 people reached. 



" 2. A forestry association for Hunan was started. 



■' 3. A forestry essay contest will be conducted to 

 encourage the study of forestry among Hunan students. 



" 4. Two men have volunteered to carry on lecture 

 work in the country towns, and three sets of my lecture 

 outfit have been ordered. 



" The results of such forestry lecture camjiaigns in 

 Kiangsi, Hupeh and Hunan during the last two months 

 are indeed encouraging." 



FORMS OF LEAVES 



A PERFECT and typical leaf (Figure 53) consists of 

 its expanded part called the blade, which frequently 

 has a foot or leaf-stalk termed the petiole (p) , and a 

 pair of stipules (sf) ; sometimes the blade is called the 

 lamina. In Figure 53 the midrib, veins, and veinlets are 

 well shown. There are two principal types of this vcining : 

 the netted-veined and the parallel-veined (Figure 66). 

 The significance of this is extremely important; more- 

 over, it has much to do with the form assumed b\- leaves 

 in general. 



Leaf -forms are well-nigh infinite; but they may be so 

 classified as to be referred to specific kinds, for which a 

 terminology is highly necessary. This terminology is also 

 applied to other parts, as the petals of flowers, and so on. 

 Most all leaves have a base and an apex with respect to 

 the stem, and these vary in general contour as well as in 

 their margins. As to the apex, it may be truncate or square 

 across (Figure 54), retuse or indented (Figure 55), notched 

 or emarginate (Figure 56), obcordate or deeply notched at 

 the apex, causing it to be inversely heart-shaped (Figure 

 57) . Then they may be cuspidate, where the apex is rigidly 



spined (Figure 58), or macronate, where this spine is small, 

 perhaps a mere extension of the midrib (Figure 59). 



As to the general form of the leaf, it may be linear, that 

 is long and narrow (Figure 67), lanceolate or lance-shaped 

 (Figure 68), oblong (Figure 69) and elliptical (Figure 70), 

 as well as ovate or egg-shaped (Figiire 71), and cordate or 

 heart-shaped (Figure 72). When the leaf tapers to an 

 acute angle at the base, being broad above (Figure 73) , it 

 is said to be ciineate or cuneiform, and when it is inversely 

 ovate, it is said to be obovate, as in Figure 76. Then the 

 outline may be spatidate (Figure 75), also oblanceolate (Fig- 

 ure 74), which is lance-shaped, with the small end at the 

 base — the reverse of Figure 60. 



Passing to the form of the base, it may be renijorm or 

 kidney-shaped (Figure 85), or peltate, shield-shaped (Fig- 

 ure 86), as in the white Water Lily. If the margins at the 

 base of this leaf are brought together, we have another 

 shield-form (Figure 80), which is the Marsh Pemi\"wort. 

 A leaf may be arrow-shaped or sagittate (Figure 87), auricu- 

 late or eared (Figure 88), as well as hastate or halberd- 

 shaped (Figure 89). 



