Jan. 1, my.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 



482 



ahaved portion has been covered, as well as without 

 that precaution. 



■ The bad results, of the use of the shaving method 

 In ]8S4, by which at the end of a few mouths only 

 bne-half of the circumference of the tree was sub- 

 jected to the operation at a time, became apparent 

 at the beginning of the 2ud quarter of 1885 — when 

 at Tjibitoeug and Rioeug-goenoeng, and in a lees 

 degree at Tjibeureum, a very considerable number of 

 trees, first estimated at (plus or minus) 5,000, though 

 later en the number had to be doubled, shewed such 

 signs of decay, that it was thought advisable to root 

 out the injured trees. 



The partial shaving of the whole circumference was 

 almost exclusively confined to Ledgeriauas of inferior 

 qualitj', and therefore the damage done by the sub- 

 sequent untimely harvesting of the trees, was of less 

 importance. 



But iu the closely planted fields at Eioeng Goe- 

 noeng, from which only a single harvest of Leclge- 

 riaua shavings were obtained, the slaving system 

 was still more unfavourable in its results. Although 

 no dying trees were met with, yet the trees con- 

 tinued to droop for a long time, and during the 

 long-continued rains the exposed portions of the bark 

 began in some few instances to rot. 



Should it appear that the trees in closely planted 

 fields cannot stand the operation without danger, then 

 the great advantage which such close planting affords 

 by yielding the maximum produce, at the minimum 

 cost of upkeep, and bj' the formation of a large 

 quantity of humns and its accompanying amelioration 

 of the surface soil, will cause the system of shaviug 

 to be entirely abandoned. If the application of the 

 Maclvor system by which regular strips of bark was 

 taken from the trees, has not in the long-run answered 

 expectations, the results of shaving off the bark have 

 been so detrimental that its continuance is not to be 

 deieidedcn. So that there is nothing left for us to 

 adopt but a systematic thinning out of the plantations, 

 with a carefully limited lopping of the trees, and 

 finally the complete uprooting of the plant. 



The shaving system can only be of service, in ca«e 

 a sudden rise in the Cinchona market, should render 

 it desirable to obtain a large amount of produce, 

 and to preserve the plantations, or when the urgent 

 necessity for funds, forces the owner to sacrifice the 

 future to the present. The produce of the harvest 

 of 1881 was disposed of bj' two public sales, on the 

 4th March and 22nd September 18S5 held at Amsterdam. 

 The prices at the foimer sale were very inferior to 

 those realized subsequently in the 22!id September. 

 The gtoss amount obtained by both sales was 

 /372,57186. 



The following prices were obtained for the half 

 kilograms: — 



C. Succirubra 



O. Oa'.isaya Javanica .. 

 0. do Schuhkraft 

 0. do Anyilica .. 

 0. do Hasskarlian; 

 O. Ledgerina 



0. Oflaicinalis 



0. Laucifolia 



0. Papudiana ... 



0. Caloptera 



The average price obtained at both sales was /0944 

 per half kilogram. 



The existing drying stoves at Nugrakand at Tjiujiroean 

 continued in damp weather to render good service 

 but iu prolonged rains they were found insutfi cient 

 for a large extent of produce. 



The necessity for drying arrangements, made itself 

 felt more and more on other establishments. 



Before preceding to construct drying arrangements 

 all over, the Director of the Government Cinchona 

 enterprize has been authorized to inspect some private 

 Undertakings in the Preanger Regencies, for the purpose 

 of ascertaining the adv»ntageoU3 system for drying 

 cinchona bark. 



His visit to some tea estates in Salkavboeme and 

 ^o^medang led biia to form the conclusion that 

 §1 



Davidson's T Sirocco was in all respects the most 

 deserving of approval. 



5. Establishment — Funds. — By theGovernmentiuinute 

 of COth December 1S85, No. 20, the establishment; 

 was increased by two pupil-overseers each on a 

 salary of /50 a month, and an arborist at /150 » 

 month, and a premium of one cent for every graft 

 or sucker of C. Ledgeriana suitable for planting out 

 prepared by him, or under his directions up to a 

 maximum to be fixed by the Director of the Govern- 

 ment Cinchona Enterprize. 



G. Tockamp Lunmtrs was appointed arborist, he 

 having acted in that capacity for nearly four years. 



The acting overseer of the 3rd Class A. Von Estaroff 

 was relieved with honor from his acting duties, and 

 his place was temporarily filled by W. Eurck. The 

 fixed native estabhsliments at the end of December 

 consisted of one carpenter, one storekeeper, a messenger, 

 20 overseers and 235 field laborers. The wives and 

 children of the field laborers earn low wages, and are 

 employed, as far as possible, in the nurseries, the up- 

 keep of the young plantations, the harvest and in the 

 destruction of injurious insects. 



During nearly the whole year labor was abundant, 

 so much so, that in consultation with some Managers 

 in the districts of Bandoeng and Tjitjalangka wages 

 were reduced by 20 per cent. 



This reiinctiou was only made in the wages of 

 temporary laborers and newly engaged fixed-laborers 

 and did not cause the .smallest complaint notwith- 

 standing this reduction of wages, and the numerous 

 demands for labor in the private neighboring estate."', 

 employment could not aUvaj's be given to laborers 

 who tendered their services. For payment of the 

 native establishment, constructing and restoring nursery 

 sheds, purchase and repair of tools and other expenses 

 the estimates of 1885 provided the sum of /46,000. 



It was at once evident that this amount was 

 inadequate to cover the expenses of an abundant 

 harvest, and the introduction of high cultivation, so 

 that an additional sum /34,000 was placed at the ■ 

 disposal of the Directior of this cultivation. 



The outlay for the service of the enterprize 

 amounted to : — 

 Salaries of the Director, Assistant Director and other 



Europeans on the Establishment. /29"(i75 



Correspondence... ... ... ... ... 36D 



Travftlling expenses ... 3,203-59 



Salaries and wages for the natii^e establi.'h- 



ment, construction and- restoration of 



nurseryslieds, purchase and repair of tools 



and instruments and other expenses ... 80,17380 



Total... /113,4l2-39 



being / 35,402*39 more than was contcm- 

 plattd in the estimate for 1885. 



According to the report for 1884 the totnl 

 expenditure including the transport of 

 the produce to Batavia during the year wa3/107,80I-5 1 



The total cost of transport of the produce 

 to Netherland together with that for its 

 sale kc. come to 40,533"55 



Total. ../143,385 09 



The gro?s proceeds of the sales at Amsterdam in 

 1885 was /372,571S6 so that the harvest of 1SS4 

 yielded a net profit of /■224, 187-77, cxcIumvo cf a 

 farther sum of /17,102, realized by the sale of cinchona 

 grafts and seed. 



Tl;e whole of the outlay including that of trans'port 

 to Batavia., brings the cost of the 1 a f kilogra'n of 

 bark to the following sales. 



The produce of 1SS4 fO-2mZ 



„ „ 1885 /0-2621 



showing a saving in 1885 of /0-0072 per half kilogram 

 of b.irk— which was effected notwith^-landing the 

 incrcisod expenditure connected with the purchase and 

 transport of three times the number of cases than in 

 the previous year. 



The transport to Europe, sale &c. of the produce 

 of 1881 pome to /0-102?> per half Vilogram 80 that 



