yio 



%'iin ruoPiQAt AomctSLttjmuT, t^mit u J8S7, 



case of wine, coffee should be used when six, 

 eight or seven more j-ears old. 



He greatly extols M.iragoi^ipe coffee for its flavour 

 — and predicts larKS importations of it. 



That Java coffee generally goes under the name 

 of Chereboo coffee, I must contradict — such may 

 be the case in Tournai — but certainly not generally. 



In page 86 he treats of Padang-cotfee and ciassses 

 it in appearance and flavour far behind Java, in this 

 the Americans will assuredly not agree with him. 



Under the heading of Sumatra coffee, he says 

 Bugis (probably meaning Bungi) and Bally coffee 

 are placed, and in this he is very ill-informed- 

 he places both in the same class, and calls them 

 very bad — and names Singapore as the port of 

 discharge. All he says of Macassar coffee is, the 

 coffee of Macassar which likewise is found at 

 Singapore is very superior to the Bugis and Bally 

 coffee, it resembles that of Java, but like that of 

 Padang the flavour is not so fine. ("Le cafe Macassar 

 que 1' on trouve aussi a Singapore est tres supe- 

 rieur aux bugis et bally, it ressemble au Java mais, 

 amme le Padang, il est moin tin de gout.") Al- 

 together the little work impresses mo with the 

 idea that the writer is least posted up in the matter 

 of the different kinds of coffee which are pro- 

 duced in Netherlands India. W. H. Jk. 



HINTS FOR DRAUGHTSMEN. 



The surface of a sphere equals the square of the 

 circumtei-ence multiplied by 0.3183. 



The diameter of a sphere i-quais the square root o 

 its surface multiplied by 56419. 



The side of an inscribed cube equals the radius mul- 

 tiplied by 1.1547. 



The diameter of a circle equals the square root of 

 the area multiplied by 1.12833. 



Tne diameter of a sphere eqials the cube root of 

 its solidity multiplied by 1.124j7. 



The circumference of a circle equals the diameter 

 multiplied by 3.1416, which is the ratio of the cir- 

 cumference to the diauieter. 



The area of a triangle equals the base multiplied by 

 one-half of its height. 



The diiiraeter of a circle equals the circumference 

 multiplied by 0.31831. 



The side of an inscribed equilateral triirgle equals 

 the diameter of the circle multiplied by 0.86 



Tne surface equals the product of the diameter and 

 circumference. 



The radius of a circle equals the circumference 

 multiplied by 0.159155. 



The circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.282 

 equals one side of a square of the same area. 



The area of a circle equals the square of the radius 

 multiplied by 31416. 



The squ.re root of the surface of a sphere multiplied 

 by 1.772464 equals the circumference. 



The area of a circle equals one-quarter of the dia- 

 meter multiplied by the circumference. 



The area of an ellipse equals the product of both 

 diameters and .7854. 



The radius of a circle equals the square root of the 

 area multiplieii by 056419. 



The circumfere. ce of a sphere equals the cube root 

 of its solidity multiplied by 3 8978. 



The side of a square equals the diameter of a 

 circle of the same ar^a multiplied by 8862. 



Thf sid" of an 'ascpiin' i si^n-no equ^^Ls the diameter 

 Hcultipied bv 0.7071 — MiiUen's Jfattern^Makiny. — Amev 

 ican Cultivator. 



THE MAHWA TREE. 



We copy the following interesting letter from au ex- 

 change: — Taking advantage of a wet hoUday, and 

 prompted thtreto by Mr. Maiden's interestiug letter 

 in jour ifsue of December 15, I beg leave to give 

 a lew additional items about the Mhowa tree, a very 

 old and well-kaowo friend of miue. iNeari; all tlio 



wild animals of the jungle are attracted to the vicinity 

 of the.>e trees duriug tae tljweriug season. Ey day 

 parrots, miiiafi, Horiibills, pigeons, and other birdsj keep 

 up a perpetual motion anJ clamour as they flit about, 

 (liiftiug round hither and thither, and hopping from 

 branch to branch, feeding on the suceuient Sowers. 

 As night fall.s, wild hog, deer of various kinds, and 

 ev.-n jackals come to least ou the fallen blossoms, and 

 UQ% unfrequeutly the sloth bear aa<l the big black bear 

 meet beneath the odorous branches, and get almost 

 tipsy on the intoxicating mass of withered blossoms 

 wnich carpet the sward. 



Attracted by such a surfeit of game, the tiger and 

 leopard will often pay a prowliug visit, aud, therefore, 

 every sportsman is keen to note the neighbourhood 

 of a Mhowa tree, and gvktj native Shikarree, or 

 hunter, can tell with unerriUi' accuracy in what parts 

 of the forest they are to be found. This, of course, 

 refers to the wild parts of the forests where popu- 

 lation is sparse. 



The tree is not unlike our oak iu form, size, and 

 the colouring of the foUage. It fljwers in March 

 and April. As the flowers ripen the corollas become 

 fleshy and tmged with the juices they secrete; they 

 iheu gradually looseu from the calyx, and, falling to 

 the groua I, .ire, in Central India, and in many other 

 parts, carefully gathered by the women and children, 

 the grass round the tree having been previou.sly burnt 

 off, so that none of the precious blossoms may be 

 lost. 



In my book ou the Nepaul Frontier, p. 106, 1 make 

 reference to th<i tree, and speak of the spirit which 

 the natives distil from it, and have said, "The peculiar 

 sickly .-^mell of thb mho-va, when in flower, pervades 

 the atDao>phere for a great distance round, and reminds 

 oue forcibly of the peculiar, sweet, *sickly smell of 

 a brewery. 



The spirit distilled from the freshly-dried flowers 

 is called, by the natives daru. It is usually diluted 

 with from five to ten times its bulk of water, and 

 is then sold at about apenayper quart. It is largely 

 consumed by the lower ca»te nitives, and, iu times 

 of severe droughtine.ss, when nothing better can be 

 obtained, I have seen "Tommy Atkins'" imbibing the 

 vile-smeldug potation iu th:; bazaars, holding his nose 

 meanwhile in mute protest against the too aggressive 

 odoar. "One hundredweight of flowers is said to yield 

 from four to six gallons of proof spirit. The very 

 carefully-distilled and rectified spirit, if put into oak 

 casks, becomes of a yellowish colour with keeping, 

 and is said to be little inferior to the best Irish 

 whisky. 



In France, after a long course of experiment, a 

 means has been fouud of rectifying the spirit, and the 

 bad sDiell is entirely got rid of. The result is very 

 go:)d alcouol. In 1884, I gather from the ladian AffH- 

 cvJturist, thit mhowa flowers were exported to Mar- 

 seilles for distillation, to the value of 6| lakhs of 

 rupees. 



" The oil is manufactured from the seeds by bruising, 

 rubbing, anl su^jectin,' them to heavy pressure. It 

 is a coarse sort of oil," sajs the authority I am quoting, 

 "but in the mauufacture of soap is largely used in 

 the country, and also for candles. For that purpose 

 it would be worth in Englaud from £25 to £35 per 

 ton. It has been tried by candle manufacturers, and 

 pronounced very suitable and a valuable oil for such 

 purposes.'' 



The tree is a hardy one and even in poor ground 

 flourishes well. It readily propagates itself by seed- 

 lings. According to Lieutenant-Colonel 3Iiller, oflici- 

 ating Political A^eut at Bhopawar and Commaudant of 

 the Malwa Bheel Corps, not more than 40 trees could 

 be planted to the acre, and the yield per tree appeared 

 to vary from about 120 to 240 lb. of flowers. If it 

 be true that the flowers contain about half their 

 weight in sugar, this would mean a yield of one or 

 two tons per acre; but as Mr. Maideu justly say.s, the 

 idea of mhowa sugar becoming a commercial rival to 

 cane or beetroot is ludicrous. Mr. "William Fox, r.c.s., 

 of the laboratory, Great Tower-street, London, submit* 

 ted the flowers to analysis with the following result: — 

 Eoney, 4203 per ceut; case £U£ar, 1*04; a^b, 2*33 



