The Spea.ting of Orchards. 271 



Paris green. The powder was applied with a bellows, which necessi- 

 tated the separate application of the insecticides. These wei'e applied 

 June 8 and 22, the dates of the first two applications following the fall 

 of the blossoms from the trees. Upon the same dates Paris green was 

 also used in combination with the Bordeaux mixture* Otherwise the 

 Bordeaux was used alone. 



The ammoniacal carbonate of copper was invariably applied in com- 

 bination with Paris green according to the formula given on page 269. 

 Paris green readily dissolves in ammonia and it was hoped to avoid the 

 caustic action of this solution by the addition of lime. Paris green 

 was also applied alone to test its value as a fungicide. 



Grading of the apples. — The apples were harvested about the 

 middle of September. The yield from each tree was placed in sepa- 

 rate piles so that it could be accurately examined, and the effects of 

 various applications noted. The picked fruit was divided into three 

 grades, the windfalls being so few in number that they were 

 not taken into consideration. The standard for the first grade was 

 high. It was the intention to have this grade composed entirely of 

 fancy fruit, and only strictly first-class apples were put into it. The 

 amount of scab or other fungous injury upon an apple determined its 

 grade, the injury done by worms being rather secondary, for the apples 

 were comparatively little damaged by them. As a rule, large and sym- 

 metrical apples possessing good color, were placed among the seconds 

 if several diseased spots could be found upon their surfaces even if the 

 spots were small; for such spots showed that fungi had succeeded in 

 entering the apples, and this was just the result which the applications 

 were designed to prevent. 



Consequently, the grading was not done entirely upon a commer- 

 cial basis, for many of the apples which were counted as seconds might 

 have entered the market as fancy fruit, because the injury done 

 them was not great enough to cause any apparent disfigurement. The 

 apples which constituted the third grade were extra specimens 

 of cider apples, and they are so considered in the table on page 

 273; but they averaged as good as the ordinary barrelii)g apples of the 

 country. 



In counting the number of apples which were wormy, some difiiculty 

 was at first experienced. All were not injured to the same extent by 

 the larvaB of the codlin moth, these being the particular ones sought. 

 When an apple had been attacked early in the season the injury done 

 could be seen at a glance . But young larvae were abundant during 

 late gummer and early fall. Many of them had hardly begun their 



