656 AMERICAN FORESTRY 



in the place of awkward foreign terms, body of some magnitude, the Ohana- 



such as arrete and grat. pecosh Glacier. Condiserably broader 



Both branches of the Cowlitz Glacier than it is long in the direction of its flow, 



cascade steeply immediately above their this glacier lies on a high shelf a mile and 



confluence, but the lower glacier has a a half across, whence it cascades down 



gentle gradient and a fairly mieventful into the head of a walled-in canyon, 



course. Like the lower Nisqually, it is Formerly, no doubt, it more than filled 



bordered by long morainal ridges, and this canyon, but now it sends down only 



toward its end acquires broad marginal a shrunken lobe. The stream that 



dirt bands. For nearly a mile these issues from it, the Ohanapecosh River, 



continue, leaving a gradually narrowing is really the main prong and head of the 



lane of clear ice between them. Then Cowlitz River. 



they coalesce and the whole ice body The largest and most elevated of the 



becomes strewn with rock debris. ice fields east of Little Tahoma is known 



The Cowlitz Glacier, including its for its peculiar shape as Fryingpan 

 north branch, the Ingraham Glacier, Glacier. It covers fully 3 square miles 

 measures slightly over 6 miles in length, of ground and constitutes the most 

 Throughout that distance the ice stream extensive and most beautiful inter- 

 lies sunk in a steep-walled canyon of its glacier on Mount Rainier. It originates 

 own carving. Imposing cliffs of colum- in the hollow east side of Little Tahoma 

 nar basalt, ribbed as if draped in cordu- itself and descends rapidly northward, 

 roy, overlook its lower course. Slender overlooking the great Emmons Glacier 

 waterfalls glide down their precipitous and finally reaching down almost to is 

 fronts, like silver threads, gmded by the level. It is not a long time since the 

 basalt flutings. two ice bodies were confluent. 



Below the Fryingpan Glacier there lies 



OHANAPECOSH AND FRYINGPAN GLACIERS ^ ^^g-^^ ^f charming flowcr-dotted 



High above the Ingraham Glacier meadows named Summerland, a most 



towers that sharp, residual mass of lava attractive spot for camping, 

 strata known as Little Tahoma (11,117 j 



feet), the highest outstanding eminence emmons glacier. 



on the flank of Mount Rainier. It Cloaking almost the entire east side 



forms a gigantic "wedge" that divides of Mount Rainier is the Emmons 



the Ingraham from the Emmons Glacier Glacier, the most extensive ice stream 



to the north. So extensive is this wedge on the peak (named after Samuel F. 



that it carries on its back several large Emmons, the geologist and mountaineer 



ice fields and interglaciers, some of who was the second to conquer the peak 



which, lying far from the beaten path of in 1870.) About 5J/2 miles long and 1^ 



the tourist, are as yet unnamed. Sep- miles wide in its upper half, it covers 



arating them from each other are almost 8 square miles of territory. It 



various attenuated, pinnacled crests, all makes a continuous descent from the 



of them subordinate to a main backbone summit to the base, the rim of the old 



that runs eastward some 6 miles and crater having almost completely broken 



terminates in the Cowlitz Chimneys down under its heavy nev6 cascades. 



(7,607 feet), a group of tall, rock towers But two small remnants of the rim still 



that dominate the landscape on the protrude through the ice and divide it 



east side of Mount Rainier. into three cascades. From each of these 



Most of the ice fields, naturally, lie dark rock islands trails a long medial 



on the shady north slope of the main moraine that extends in an ever- 



backbone; in fact, a series of them broadening band down to the foot of the 



extends as far east as the Cowlitz glacier. 



Chimneys. One of the lesser crests, The Emmons Glacier, like the Nis- 



however, that running southeastward qually and the Cowlitz, becomes densely 



to the upland region known as Cowlitz littered with morainal debris at its lower 



Park, also gives protection to an ice end, maintaining, however, for a con- 



^ This glacier is also known locally as White Glacier. 



