Extension Work in Horticulture. 197 



(d) The time to prune, with reference to the healing of 



the wound. More depends upon the position of 

 the wound than upon the season in which it was 

 made. 



(e) Dressing for w^ounds. The vegetable parasites of 



the wounds ; bacteria ; toadstool-fungi ; punk- 

 fungi. 



3. Pruning for wood and pruning for fruit. 



4. Practical considerations. Allow the tree to take its 



habitual form. How much and how often it is advisa- 

 ble to prune. Heading-in. Tools. 



The Management of Orchard Layids. 



(Given at the Youngstown School; also followed essentially in 

 meetings at Dickensonville, Morton, Dansville, Clyde, Pidgeway, 

 Williamson, Palmyra, Lyndon ville, Dundee and other places.) 



(By L. H. Bailey.) 



1. The soil. 



Its origin. Its mechanical texture and physical characters. 

 Soil moisture. Its source. Its importance. Movements. 



How conserved. Its relation to vegetable covers. Mulches, 

 Tillage. Spring or fall plowing. The harrow. Management 



of clay lands. 



2. Fertility. 



Amount of fertility in the soil. Where it comes from. Til- 

 lage and fertility. Nitrification. Humus. Loams. 



Manuring. Feed the plant rather than the soil. Nitrogen. 

 Potash. Phosphorus. Stable manures. Green manures. 

 Commercial fertilizers. 



How to tell wdiat the land needs. Ask the plant not the 

 chemist. 



At the first gFredonia School, an eight-page folder was printed 

 for the use of the participants, containing extracts and abstracts of 

 various local essays touching the grape-growing of the Chautauqua 

 region. There are so many suggestive things in this circular, not 

 only to Chautauqua County, but also to many other parts of West- 

 ern New York, that an abstract of it is published here: 



