Green Fruit Worms. 573 



plate. Most of these insects spend about three months of their 

 life in the ground during the summer in this pupal stage. Some 

 evidently hibernate as pupse, and thus pass nine months or more 

 of their life in this stage. Usually about September 15th, the 

 moths break their pupal shrouds and work their way to the sur- 

 face of the soil. Most of them emerge in the fall before October 

 15th, and pass the winter as moths in sheltered nooks; some evi- 

 dently do not emerge until spring. Warm spells in winter some- 

 times arouse a few of them from their hibernation. 



During the first warm days of early spring, all the moths 

 appear, and doubtless the mothers soon begin laying eggs. No 

 observations have been made on the eggs or young caterpillars in 

 the North, but in a newspaper article published in the South in 

 1872, it is stated that the eggs are deposited in the spring on the 

 undersides of the leaves. They hatch in a few days, and the 

 young worms begin at once to eat the foliage, or the fruit, or 

 both. 



There is thus but one brood of these green fruit w^orms in a 

 year. They work mostly in May, pupate in the soil in June, live 

 as pupae during the summer and sometimes all winter, and most 

 of the moths emerge in the fall and hibernate, laying their eggs 

 in the spring. 



The Different Species Discussed. 



In all previous discussions of an economic nature regarding 

 these green fruit worms, they have been considered as comprising 

 but a single species of insect, namely, the ash-gray pinion (Xylina 

 antennata). However, when the specimens of the caterpillars 

 began to arrive at the insectary last spring, it was soon evident 

 that there were at least two quite different kinds. We grew 

 the supposed two species separately in our cages. When the 

 moths appeared in September, they were sent to an expert. Pro- 

 fessor J. B. Smith, for determination. He returned them labelled 

 as three distinct species! We had thus bred two species of 

 moths in the cage where we thought we had only one kind of 

 green fruit worm. As the moths of all three species showed 



