924 



AMERICAN FORESTRY 



the past. Their opinions are based upon the results of 

 experimental plantations extending over almost a cen- 

 tury, and in particular upon those established during the 

 past thirty years. 



The Cottonwood was intmduced into Europe in 1T72. 

 It is now jjlanted extensively in the inundation district of 

 the Rhine, especially in the vicinity of the city of Karls- 

 ruhe. It is one of the most rapid-growing species in 

 Germany. According to Hartig. it may attain a height 

 of 47 to 53 feet in twelve vears, and 72 feet in forty 



sugar maple, white ash, black birch, and yellow birch, 

 ^lanv other species have been introduced which will 

 never be used for other than ornamental purposes. 



White pine, the former nucleus of the American lum- 

 ber industry, was introduced into England in 1705, and 

 shortly afterward into Germany. It was the first exotic 

 coniferous species naturalized into Germany and Austria- 

 Hungary. Xo native European conifer surpasses it in 

 height and volume growth. In ten years it may attain 

 a height of 10 to 15 feet, in twentv vears 2G to 30 feet. 



years. Near Karlsruhe, in thirty-one years one specimen in fort\- vears 53 to 00 feet, in eighty years 92 to 95 feet, 

 attained a height of in2 feet, a diameter of 22 inches and in one hundred years 105 to 110 feet. The largest 

 and contained more than one-half a cord of wood. white pine trees in Germany have reached a height of 



130 to 135 feet and 



Other single spe- 

 cimens in forty to 

 fifty years have 

 yielded over a cord 

 of wood. The 

 German foresters 

 usually set out one- 

 year-old plants 

 raiseii from cut- 

 tings. Lately, how- 

 ever, thev ha\e 

 started to raise 

 some of the plants 

 from seeds. This 

 tree on account of 

 its rapid growth. 

 its suitability for 

 pulpwood, and its 

 natural wide distri- 

 bution in the east- 

 earn and middle 

 United States. 

 should play an im- 

 portant role in the 

 future forests of 

 eastern Xort'; 

 America. 



The tulip tree, also known as the yellow pojilar, was 

 introduced into Europe in 1003. .Most of the older 

 specimens are found in parks, gardens, and about castles. 

 It is not hardy in the extreme northern part of Germany 

 nor the high mountainous region in the southern part. 

 According to recent German experiments it can be estab- 

 lished best if set out in spring just after it has started 

 to put forth its new shoiils. This necessitates a careful 

 handling of the i)lants. In the municipal forest of 

 Heidelberg is a young plantation covering 1 '/i acres and 

 containing about 3,500 specimens. Heidelberg is located 

 in one of the mildest regions of Germany, and. as should 

 be expected, the plantation is in a very thrifty condition. 



Among the other American hardwoods which have 

 been introduced rather extensively may be mentioned 

 the black walnut, wild black cherry, and the shellbark 

 hickory. In addition to these sjiecies one often meets 

 experimental plantations or isolated groups of butternut. 



WHlTli PIXE Ai\D UuUcLAs HR 



Ebersberger Park Forest, Germany 



Three specimens are white pine. The fence protects tlie plantation from deer and rabbits. 



Tlie plantation is 12 years old and the largest Douglas tir is 2S feet in height, 

 lir surpasses white pine in height growth. 



a diameter of 5 

 feet. 



As early as 179-1 

 a Hessian hunting 

 master, the for- 

 ester of his day, 

 b r o u g h t some 

 white pine seeds 

 w i t h him fro m 

 A m e 1 i c a . wit h 

 which he planted 

 about 15 acres of 

 land near Tripp- 

 stadt. in Rhenish 

 Bavaria. This 

 Stan d h a s now 

 passed the century 

 mark and contains 

 specimens "-35 to 35 

 inches in diameter 

 breast high. All 

 the seeds which 

 these trees pro- 

 duced until 1893 

 were collected for 

 commercial pur- 

 poses. Since 1S93 no seeds have been collected because 

 the seed-collecting business became less lucrative and 

 the forester in charge wished to experiment with natural 

 seed regeneration of white pine. For the past twenty- 

 two years nature's agents have disseminated the seeds 

 of these pines with the result that the oldest regeneration 

 is now closed or complete while the younger regenera- 

 tion is still open or incomplete, as shown in accompany- 

 ing illustrations. The natural regeneratii)!! was, how- 

 ever, assisted by a superficial working of the soil, and by 

 planting open or fail spots. Extended incomplete re- 

 generation cannot be tolerated where soil prices are high. 

 Some of the older specimens of this stand have been cut 

 and marketed. The prices obtained per lOoii board feet 

 in the log in the forest varies with the diameter. The 

 sul)joined schedule will give the prices of white pine and 

 a few other coniferous species : 



Douglas 



