Arci'^T i, 1884.] 



THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 



149 



of 1 cinchona mantri, 1 carpenter, packing-house mandoer, 



and 218 boedjangs. During a portion of the year the supply 



of labor was insufficient. The cost of the enterprise was: — 



Salaries of the European staff ... /'31,2(i8-33 



„ „ „ native „ ... ' 24,060-71 



Wages of day laborers 11.I73-5H- 



Stationery * ... 360-00 



Travelling and halting expenses ... 2,50312 



Making and repair of implements ... 399'73 



Transport and packing of cinchona 5,407'15 



„ of money and materials 490*17 



Materials for propagating houses, drying 



furnaces and sheds ... ... 3,461'73 



Requisites for the laboratory ... 297'00 



Servants for „ „ ... 180-00 



Total ... 70,901-44' 

 This amount exceeds the estimate in the budget of 1882 

 by /5,141'44'', which is chiefly due to to the larger crop. 

 6. — Distribution of Cinchona, — The desire to plant cin- 

 chona is spreading more and more among the European 

 planters. On account of the low prices for coffee, cin- 

 chona is beginning to be planted on most of the coffee 

 estates, for which these are generally suited. By Govern- 

 ment order No. 16 of 8th April 1882 it wa§ enacted that 

 the heads of the provincial Governments should no longer 

 be required to report half-yearly on the condition of 

 the experimental cultivations in their residencies, but that 

 in future they should, in the report which they have 

 to send in yearly, mention what had been done by them 

 towards the promotion of cinchona culture. On account 

 of the great extension of ciuchona cultivation by private 

 persons, these experimental cultivations have entirely lost 

 their value to the population. They have been of very 

 little use, as the people have nowhere been induced by 

 them to plant cinchona on their own account. The 

 foresters in the residencies of Fekaloiigan, Bagelen, Kedoe, 

 Samaraug and Japara have used ciuchona as an alternate 

 plant in laying out forest land. The Director of the 

 Government Cinchona Enterprise was ordered to enquire 

 into the condition of these plantations, and this he did 

 in the months of October and November. This opinion, 

 given in a separate report, was not very favorable. On most 

 places too large extents bad been planted, so that later on the 

 means were wanting to keep them in good condition. 

 The plants were then choked by the bad varieties of 

 weeds which prevail in these unwooded places, and have 

 scarcely grown at all, so that the aim was not reached. "Where 

 the upkeep of the plants could be well attended to C. succirubra 

 appeared well suited for the purpose, but the use of 

 other varieties of ciuchona must be abandoned. By 

 Government order No. 20 of 27th November 1882, permission 

 was given to offer for public sale 2,000 Ledgeriana grafts 

 per annum at a minimum price of ten guilders the graft. 

 The principal object of this resolution was to give private 

 planters the opportunity of obtaining, for artificial pro- 

 pagation and seed-bearing, plants derived from mother 

 trees whose yield was known with certainty. For this 

 sale grafts were chosen of the mother trees, S9 yielding 

 11 per cent and 73 yielding I0'6 per cent of quinine. 



7. — Information regarding the Varieties of Cinchona Cult- 

 ivated in Java. — The only tree winch has yet blossomed 

 of the thirteen raised from the seed obtained in 1872 from 

 Hr. Schuhkraft appeared not to agree entirely in blossom 

 with the typical Ledgerianas. The blossoms were indeed 

 pendant, but light rose red in color. It is just possible 

 that this form approaches more nearly to the C. Calisaya 

 of "Weddell, which also agrees with the statements of 

 Howard, that the true Calisaya bark of Bolivia always 

 contained cinchouidine, which is found in considerable 

 quantity in the bark of these trees also. The plants of 

 C. Trianai (C. Fitayensis) have been divided among dif- 

 ferent plantations, from 3,000 to 0,000 feet above sea- 

 level, in order to ascertain which climate is best suited 

 for them. As yet they have grown very quickly and 

 every where equally well. The hybrids planted in the 

 open at Tjinjiroean are growing very sturdily. In habit 

 they appear as yet to hold a mean between the two 

 varieties from which they are sprung. The hybrid from 

 British Sikkim also, which is planted in the same place, 

 is making a good show in the climate of this garden. 

 8. — Chemical Analyses. — In the appended statement B 



the results are given of the alkaloid determinations which 

 called for any special remarks. 1-24 are alkaloid determ- 

 inations of four year old descendants of C. Ledgeriana, 

 of very typical aspect. They possessed, in common with 

 the latter, a very high yield of quinine. The analyses 7 

 and 16 relate to bark cut from ten trees which had not 

 been picked out, but taken as they come to hand one after 

 another on a terrace. The figure of 9 per cent quinine, 

 therefore, stands more for the average of the stem bark 

 from this plantation, whilst the quinine yield of picked 

 types reached so high as 12'3 per cent. These excellent 

 types were not confined to the Government gardens, but are 

 also not infrequent in private plantations, as the analyses 

 18-24 testify. Among the plants raised from seed of C. 

 Ledgeriana, now more or less of individuals are met with, 

 which by their free growth and large broad leaf approach C, 

 succirubra, and are apparently hybrids of the two varieties 

 mentioned. The alkaloid determinations 25-38 are of bark 

 cut from such hybrids, and it will be seen by these that 

 the quinine yield of these trees can now and then be 

 very high. Their cultivation should be very profitable, as, 

 when grown from seed, they return true to type, whilst 

 they grow more easily and rapidly than C. Ledgeriana and 

 produce more bark in the same time than the latter. A 

 little seed of the best among them has been sown, that 

 th ; s may be proved. It was evident, from previous ana- 

 lyses, that that the bark of C. Ledgeriana renewed after 

 shaving had not, after one and even after two years, re- 

 turned to the original quinine yield, in the case of trees 

 fifteen years of age. For this reason, in the case of a 

 large number of trees, three years was allowed for the 

 renewed bark to recuperate, and now the analysis 40 proves 

 that the renewed shaving contained 9*26 per cent quinine, 

 or nearly 1^ per cent more than the original, twelve year 

 old bark, which, according to a specimen analysed in 1879 

 then contained 7'8 per cent quinine. The branch and 

 twig bark obtained by the pruning of the young Ledgeriana 

 gardens appears to give a very good material for the 

 preparation of quinine, as analyses 45-54 prove. The 

 quinine yield varied in different lots from 1'45 to 4'38 per 

 cent. No. 50 is an analysis of this same assortment of 

 bark, obtained by the pruning of the one to three year 

 old gardens in the graft plantation at Tirtasari. Besides 

 these, analyses 41-44, 55-57 and 59 also refer to grafted 

 trees. In order to give a better idea, I have here arranged 

 these analyses in another form : — 



1. — C. Ledgeriana, grafted on C. Josephiana. 



2. — „ „ „ „ succirubra. The grafts 



were taken from the mother tree 89. Bark of 21 two 

 year old plants. 



3. — C. Ledgeriana, grafted on C. succirubra. The grafts 

 were taken from trees whose leaves are purple on the 

 under side. The bark was from ten trees. 2i years old. 



i.—C. Ledgeriana, grafted on C. succirubra. Bark taken 

 from 9 three year old trees of ordinary type. 



Later on, an analysis was made of bark taken from 

 young trees, produced by grafting Ledgeriana slips from 

 the mother tree No. 23 on succirubra stems. From this 

 was obtained, for the Ledgeriana bark, 7'37 per cent quinine, 

 no cinchouidine, and 1-14 per cent cinchonine and amorphous 

 alkaloid. The relatively high proportion of cinchonidine 

 found in 3 and 4 appeared for a moment to justify the 

 fear, that some influence was possibly exerted by the 

 succirubra stem on the Ledgeriana graft. The quinine 

 yield of the succirubra stems was at the same time some- 

 what higher than usual, 60 that this would point to a 



