94 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



flu* new government, has been one of the essential rites of the fes- 

 tival from remote times. 



It is for the satisfaction of three of four deities, and not, as is 

 commonly reported, for Mandarangan alone that a human victim 

 is offered at Ginum. The worshipful meetings called manganito 

 bring out the fact that the Bagobo consider both the god known 

 as Tolus ka Balekat and the Malaki t'Olu k'Waig to be interested 

 in the sacrifice of a man at this time. This point is mentioned 

 in anticipation of the description of human sacrifices, because such 

 an offering is the central act of Ginum, which gives color to 

 the minor rites. In one sense, flic ceremonies of the first three 

 days may be regarded as leading up to the fourth day and as 

 protective of those final ceremonies, since one of the salient objects 

 of the preliminary rites is the warning off of demons from the 

 Long House, lest they disturb the celebration on the last day. 

 From another standpoint, however, it may be noted that a rite like 

 Pamalugu (lavation) is a unit in itself, and so is the agong cere- 

 monial. These rites are performed with motives distinct from those 

 which permeate the peculiarly sacrificial acts of the main day. One 

 hears the ceremonial discussed from different points of view by 

 different Bagobo. It is stated by one that the Ginum is celebrated 

 for the Tolus ka Balekat. This is true, particularly, of the central 

 rites of the fourth day, where the fundamental idea is that of 

 the bloody and the bloodless sacrifice. When Data Oleng, however, 

 viewed the ceremonies of the entire four days as a unit, he said: 

 "We now have a festival because we make offerings (fairer) n0 

 to the gods; this year we make the Ginum to be kept from 

 sickness and from other bad things." 



Definite values are associated with the religious acts of Ginum : 

 the gods are honored; the demons are appeased; diseases are cured; 

 threatened sickness is averted; prosperity and increase of wealth 

 are assured to the family giving the festival, and to all participants 

 who share in the rites and who make gifts to the gods in the pre- 

 scribed manner. ls " 



The time for the ceremony of Ginum is variable. Datu Imbal 



told me that it was often given soon after the sprouting of the 



1,9 Tawer is a Malay word signifying, "to offer the price," "to make a bargain." 

 lno Ja Minaliassa, sacrificial feast9 are held to ward off sickness, and to prevent failure 



of crops, as well as to secure abundant harvests, Ioiilt life, courage and other good things. 



Cf. I', and V. SABASIN: Kcisen in Celebes, vol. 1, p. 44. 1905. 



