64 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



"When I am dead I go to the Great City." "I shall go down into 

 the earth some day." "Suppose I am dead, and the shower lasts 

 a week ; it is because I am crying." Apparently this tendency is 

 due to an emotional reaction, stimulated by the discussion of his 

 own fate, so that he is unable to view the subject from all sides, 

 as he would do in a case of general application. 



Souls of animals and of manufactured objects. Not only 

 man, but all of the larger animals, 123 tin; domestic fowls and 

 big birds, have each two souls called, like those of people, taka- 

 wanan and tebang. Similarly, the right-hand soul of every horse, 

 of every carabao, of every cat and so forth, goes down at death 

 into the earth and thence to Gimokudan ; and when a cock is 

 killed in tight at the pit, its spirit passes down to the Great Count r v. 

 As for the smaller birds, and the bees, and the centipedes, and 

 insects in general, — to each of these there is assigned with cer- 

 tainty one gimokud, but only doubtfully, two. Manufactured ob- 

 jects, like articles of wearing apparel and weapons and tools, as 

 well as different kinds of food, have each but a single soul, which 

 goes down below with its owner, or after him. 



The associations formed with the Left-hand shadow extend to those 

 animals which are believed to have two souls. If a native falls 

 from his horse toward the right side, he will not be ■ injured, 

 because the takawanan of the animal will not hurt him. On the 

 contrary, if the accident occurs so that he falls from the left side 

 of his horse, he is likely to gvt killed, not from the force of the 

 fall, but through the instrumentality of the horse's tebang, which 

 will try to kill him. ,24 



1Z3 Modigliani says of the natives of Nias that their belief in life after death for the 

 souls of animals causes them to feed and care for aged beasts, and to pay great respect 

 to all animals. Among the five classes of demons recognized at Nias, the liechu naro dana 

 are the subterranean souls, or the souls of animals. "Presso molti popoli riscontraei 

 la credenza chc gli aoimali abbiano un'anima che gira errante dopo la morte. Da tulli 

 <; conosciuto che i Baniani dell'India spingono il rispetto per ogni animate fino ad avere 

 degli Btabilimente ove curarli e nutrirli quando siano malati o vecchi. Ncl Cambogia 

 <]uando nc uccidono uno, temendo che la sua anima possa tormcotarli, gli domandano 

 perdono per il male che gli hanno fatto ed olfrono sacritizi proporzionati alia forza ed 

 alia mole dell' animale . . ." Un viaggio a Nias, p. 625. 1890. 



All through the Malay country, We find the same attitude toward animals, but vary- 

 ing, from place to place, in its particular expression. 



' * * For a discussion of the belief in animal, vegetable, and mineral souls among penin- 

 sular tribes, cf. W. W. Skeat: Malaj magic, pp. 52 — 53. 1900. Of the Senoi and 

 Scmang, Martin says: „Selbstvcrst;indlich hat... jedes Tier seincn llantu, der sich unter 



