50 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



— shadowy, etherial personalities, that dominate the body more or 

 less completely. The right-hand soul, known in Bagobo terminology 

 as the Gimokud Takawanan^ is the so-called "good soul" thai 

 manifests itself as the shadow on the right hand side of one's path. 

 The left-hand soul, called Gimokud Tebang, is said to be a "bad 

 soul" and shows itself as the shadow on the left side of the 

 path. The name for either shadow is alung. The takawanan is 

 associated, in native thinking, with those factors of existence that 

 stand for life, health, activity, joy; while the tebang is associated 

 with factors that tend toward death, sickness, sluggishness, pain. 

 The left-hand soul often departs from the human body and does 

 unlooked-for tilings that have an unhappy influence on the body : 

 it undertakes alarming exploits; it wanders about as a dream-spirit, 

 thus producing nightmare, or, at least, horrible mental images during 

 sleep. The right-hand soul, on the contrary, is associated with the 

 normal continuity of existence, for it never leaves the body from 

 birth until death, except to lie, at times, as the right-hand shadow, 

 still attached clingingly to the physical frame. Death is the simple 

 fact of the passing of the right-hand soul out from the body, and 

 becoming permanently separated from it. But the stream of indi- 

 vidual existence is not checked bv death, for the takawanan ffoes 

 at once to the Great Country below the earth, and there continues 

 to live, in much the same manner as on earth, except for the non- 

 corporeal and ghostly appearance that characterizes all of its activities. 



Right-hand Soul or Gimokud Takiuranun 

 Brown in color like a Bagobo, they say the takawanan would 



these souls belong, respectively, to the breath the shadow and the heart. The first boqI 

 is nbso, which, at death, returns to the wind and ceases to exist, except where it survives 

 as a hereditary soul. The second is the soul of man's shadow, and can be seen only in 

 the light of the sun or in the brightness of love, though a priest may see it at all times. 

 At death, this soul becomes the bechu zi mate, which goes to the realm of the dead in 

 the subterranean world. The third soul has its seat in the heart, and is known as nbso- 

 <todS, or soul of the heart, aud this is the most noble of the three, since there is nothing 

 in man which docs not take its origin from the heart. 



Modig'.iani, however, differs from Wilken and distinguishes between the statements of 

 tin natives of X'ias concerning the soul of the dead, and the soul of the living. Daring 

 life, the nbso dodo, located in the heart, is the soul most common!] spoken of, and the 

 source of all emotions. At death, this soul resolves itself into three: the ehiha, or hered- 

 itary soul ; the Tit/so, or spiritual principle of all human existence, and the bechu zi mate, 

 oi Bpirit of the dead. Cf. In riaggio a Xias, pp. 287—290. 1890. 



