26 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



the death has occurred by sickness or by violence. Mandarangan, 

 according to tradition, often fights with Buso and invariably puts 

 the mean demon to flight. 



There is a belief, not precisely formulated, in the existence of a 

 great number of minor spirits also called mandarangan, that are 

 closely related to those Bagobo men who have distinguished them- 

 selves by exploit. It is said that a mandarangan lives in the head 

 of a brave man and that this is what makes him brave. "When 

 the brave man is asleep at night," Islao told me, "the mandarangan 

 stands under the house, under the bed. When you go out, he goes 

 too; when you come back, he comes too." 



As Mandarangan is called "God of the Sky for Men," there is 

 correspondingly a "God of the Sky for Women," whose name is 

 Tot-dartigo. This is, undoubtedly, the same spirit that was called 

 by Father Gisbert, Daragd, and was by him identified with Manda- 

 rangan. This investigator makes practically no distinction between 

 the war-gods and the demons, any more than between Mandarangan 

 and Darago, according to his letter of July 26, 1886. "There is 

 no rancheria in which they do not annually make their feasts to 

 the demon Busao, Mandarangan, or Darago, for they are wont 



to give him these and many other names There... they drink 



toasts., in honor of the great Darago, whom they promise to follow 

 and honor forever, offering to him, as did their ancestors, the blood 

 of many human victims, so that he may be their friend and aid 

 them in their wars." ~ >s I heard Dariigo's name coupled closely 

 with that of Mandarangan, and mentioned as holding a like relation 

 to women as his toward men; but while Mandarangan's name was 

 constantly used in connection with the ceremonies, I rarely heard an 

 allusion to Dariigo. I am inclined to the opinion, however, that 

 she is included in the honors paid to Mandarangan at sacrificial 

 rites. 



There remains to be discussed a class of omniscient beings whose 

 persona] names, perhaps through fear of desecration, are never 

 mentioned, but who are invariably referred to as Tolus, "''' a word 

 which is explained as meaning "One who knows everything." 



i8 Bi.air and Robektson: op. cit., vol. 43, p. 249. 1906. 



"The derived adjective, matolus, is applied to great heroes of romance who have 

 superhuman understanding and who slay a multitude of foes by magical power. The 

 Malaki t' Olu k' Waig has the quality of being matolus; but it is questionable whether 

 clu, "head" or "source," and olus are ctymologically related. 



